The Impact of Military Conflicts on the Shami Peasantry During the Ayyubid Rule (570-648 AH /1174-1250 AD)

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.35516/jjha.v17i1.956

Keywords:

Bilad al-Sham, Ayyubids, Franks, Agriculture

Abstract

The study examines the impact that the military conflicts with the Franks and between the heirs of the Sultan Salah al-Din and his brother had on the lives of the peasants in Bilad al-Sham during the Ayyubid period. It also shows the accompanying displacement of farmers, abandonment of agricultural lands, neglect of agricultural activities, and the increase in prices and their impact on the lives of the farmers. It also clarifies the role of the Arab tribes in causing harm and destruction to the peasants’ lands in some Levantine regions.

Author Biographies

Mahmoud Mohammad Al Rwaidi, Mutah University

Department of History, Faculty of Social Sciences

Abdalmoiz Asri Bani Issa, Yarmouk University

Department of History, Faculty of Art

Mohammad Ali Al Mazawdah, Qatar University

Department of Humanities, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar Univesity

Department of History, Faculty of Arts, Yarmouk University

References

al-’Aṣfahānī, ‘Imād al-Dīn al-Kātib (d 597 H./1193 A.D.)(2004); al-Fatḥ al-Qusī fī al-Fatḥ al-Qudsī, Cairo: Dār al-Manār.

al-’Awtānī, Aḥmad (2007); Damascus in the Ayyubid Period 570-658 H./ 1174-1260 A.D.: Dirāsah Siāsīah, Iqtiṣsādiah, Ijtimā‘īah, Thaqāfiah, Damascus: al-Takwīn lil-Ta’līf wa-al-Tarjamah wa-al-Nashir.

al-‘Aynī, Badr al-Dīn Abū Muḥammad ibn Maḥmūd (d. 855 H./1451 A.D.)(2010); ‘Iqd al-Jumān fī Tārīkh’Ahl al-Zamān, Maḥmūd Rizq Maḥmūd ed., Cairo: Dār al-Kutub wa-al-Wathā’iq al-Qawmīyah.

Abū al-Fidā’, Ismā‘īl ibn ‘Alī ibn Maḥmūd ibn Muḥammad ibn ‘Umar (d. 732 H./1331 A.D.)(1907); Tārīkh al-Mukhtaṣar fī Akhbār al-Bashar, Cairo: al-Maṭba‘ah al-Ḥusaynīyah.

Abū Shāmah, ‘Abd al-Raḥmān ibn Ismā‘īl al-Maqdisī (d. 665 H./1266 A.D.)(1997); al-Rawḍataīyn fī Akhbār al-Dawlataīyn, Ibrāhīm al-Zibāk ed., Beirūt: Mu’assasat al-Risālah.

Abū Shāmah, ‘Abd al-Raḥmān ibn Ismā‘īl al-Maqdisī (d. 665 H./1266 A.D.)(2002); Tarājim Rijāl al-Qarnaīn al-Sādis wa-al-Sābiʻ (al-Ḏaīl ʻalā al-Rawḍataīyn), Beirūt: Dār al-Kutub al-ʻIlmīyah.

Ḥabashī, Ḥabash (Investigation and Translation)(2000); The Third Crusade (Ṣalaḥ al-Dīn and Richard), Cairo: al-Hai’ah al-Miṣrīyah lil-Kitāb.

al-Bandārī, al-Fatḥ ibn ‘Alī (d. 643 H./1245 A.D.)(1997); Sanā al-Barq al-Shāmī, Fatḥīyah al-Nabrāwī ed., Cairo: Maktabat al-Khānjī.

Dahmān, Muḥammad Aḥmad (1990); Dictionary of Historial Terms in the Mamluk Period, Beirūt: Dār al-Fikr al-Mu‘āṣir.

al-Dawādārī, Abū Bakr ibn ‘Abd Ullāh ibn’Aibak (d. 736 H./1335 A.D.)(1972); Kinz al-Durar wa-Jāmi‘ al-Ghurar (al-Dur al-Maṭlūb fī Akhbār Mulūk Banī Ayyūb), Sa‘īd ‘Ashūr ed., Cairo: German Institute.

Faraḥ, Na‘īm (1980); Aspects of the History of Farmers in the Arab Nation and Their Struggle in the Region of Arab Syria. Damascus: al-’Ittiḥād al-‘Ām lil-Falāḥīn.

Ghawānmah, Yūsuf (1982); The History of Civilization of Transjordan in the Mamluk Period, Cairo: Dār al-Manār.

al-Ghazī, Kāmil ibn Ḥusaīn al-Halabī (d. 1353 H./1933 A.D.)(1991); Nahr al-Ḏahab fī Tārīkh Ḥalab, Maḥmūd fākhūrī ed., Damascus: Dār al-Qalam.

al-Ḥamawī, Yāqūt, Ibn ‘Abd Ullāh (d. 626 H./1228 A.D.)(1977); Mu‘jam al-Buldān, Beirūt: Dār Sādir.

Ḥamdī, Ḥāfiẓ Aḥmad (1949); The Khwarazmian State and the Mongols, Cairo: Dār al-Fikr.

al-Ḥāyīk, Munḏir (2006); International Relations in the Period of the Crusades, Damascus: al-’Awā’il lil-Nashr wa-al-Tawzī‘.

Hinz, Walter (1970); Measures and Weights in the Islamic World, Kāmil al-‘Asalī tran., Amman: Manshūrāt al-Jāmi‘ah al-’Urduniah.

Ibn al-ʻAdīm, Kamāl al-Dīn ʻUmar ibn Aḥmad (d. 660 H./1261 A.D.)(1988); Bughyiat al-Ṭalab fī Tārīkh Ḥalab, Suhaīl Zakkār ed., Beirūt: Dār al-Fikr.

Ibn al-‘Adīm, Kamāl al-Dīn ‘Umar ibn Aḥmad (d. 662 H./1262 A.D.)(1996); Zubdat al-Ḥalab fī Tārīkh Ḥalab. Beirūt: Dār al-Kutub al-ʻIlmīyah.

Ibn al-‘Amīd, Jirjis (1996); The History of the Ayyubids, Cairo: Maktabat al-Thaqāfah al-Dīnīyah.

Ibn al-’Athīr, ‘Izz al-Dīn ‘Alī ibn Muḥammad al-Shaybānī (d. 630H./1232A.D.)(1963); Tārīkh al-Bāhir fī al-Dawlah al-’Atābakīyah, ‘Abd al-Qādir Aḥmad Ṭulaymāt ed., Cairo: Dār al-Kutub al-Ḥadīthah.

Ibn al-’Athīr, ‘Izz al-Dīn ‘Alī ibn Muḥammad al-Shaybānī (d. 630H./1232A.D.)(2012); al-Kāmil fī al-Tārīkh, ‘Umar ‘Abd al-Salām al-Tadmurī ed., Beirūt: Dār al-Kitāb al-‘Arabī.

Ibn Faḍl Lilāh al-‘Omarī, Shihāb al-Dīn Abū al-‘Abbās Aḥmad ibn Yaḥya (d. 750 H./1349 A.D.)(2010); Masālik al-’Abṣār fī Mamālik al-Amṣār, Beirūt: Dār al-Kutub al-ʻIlmīyah.

Ibn al-Furāt, Nāṣir al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn ‘Abd al-Raḥīm (d. 807 H./1404 A.D.)(1970); Ṭārīkh Ibn al-Furāt, 5 Vols., Part 1, Ḥasan al-Sham‘ah ed., Baṣrah: al-Maṭba‘ah al-Ḥadīth.

Ibn al-‘Imād al-Ḥanbalī, Shihāb al-Dīn Abī al-Falāḥ ‘Abd al-Ḥayī ibn ’Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad (d. 1089 H./1678 A.D.)(1991); Shaḏarāt al-Ḏahab fī Akhbār Man Ḏahab, Damascus: Dār Ibn Kathīr.

Ibn Kathīr, ‘Imād al-Dīn Abī al-Fidā’ Ismā‘īl ibn ‘Umar (d. 774 H./1372 A.D.)(1985); al-Bidāyah wa-al-Nihāyah, ‘Abd Ullāh ibn ‘Abd al- Muḥsin al-Turkī ed., Cairo: Hajr lil-Ṭibā‘ah wa-al-Nashr.

Ibn Shaddād, Bahā’ al-Dīn (d. 632 H./1234 A.D.)(1992); al-Nawādir al-Sulṭānīyah wa-al-Maḥāsin al-Yūsufīyah, Jamāl al-Dīn al-Shayyāl ed., Cairo: Maktabat al-Khānjī.

Ibn Taghrī Birdī, Jamāl al-Dīn Abū al-Maḥāsin Yūsuf ibn Taghrī Birdī al-‘Atābakī (d. 874.H./1469A.D.)(1929); al-Nujūm al-Zāhirah fī Akhbār Mulūk Miṣr wa-al-Qāhirah. Cairo: Dār al-Kutub.

Ibn Wāṣil, Jamāl al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Sālim (d. 697 H./1297 A.D.)(1960); Mufarrij al-Kurūb fī Akhbār Banī ’Ayyūb, Ḥasanīn Muḥammad Rabī‘ ed., Cairo: Dār al-Kutub wa-al-Wathā’iq al-Qawmīyah.

al-Khatīb, Muṣṭafa ‘Abd al-Karīm (1996); Dictionary of Historical Terms and Titles, Beirūt: Mu’assasat al-Risālah.

Lewis, Bernard (2006); The Assassins: A Radical Sect in Islam, Muḥammad al-‘Azab trans., Cairo: Maktabat Madbūlī, 2nd ed.

al-Manṣūrī, Abū al-Faḍā’il Muḥammad ibn ‘Alī ibn Naẓif al-Ḥamawī (d. 650 H./1252 A.D.)(1993); al-Tārīkh al-Manṣūrī (Talkhīṣ al-Kashf wa-al-Bayānāt fī Ḥawādith al-Zamān), Abū al-‘Abd Dūdū and ‘Adnān Darwīsh eds., Damascus: Maṭba‘at al-Ḥijāz.

al-Maqrīzī, Taqī al-Dīn ’Aḥmad ibn ‘Alī (845H./1441 A.D.)(1997); al-Sulūk li-Ma‘rifit Duwal al-Mulūk, Muḥamamad ‘Abd al-Qādir ed., Beirūt: Dār al-Kutub al-ʻIlmīyah.

al-Nakhīlī, Darwīsh (1974), al-Sufun al-’Islāmīah ‘alā Ḥurūf al-Mu‘jam, al-’Iskandrīah: Jāmi‘at al-’Iskandrīah.

al-Nuwairī, Shihāb al-Dīn ’Aḥmad ibn ‘Abd al-Wahāb (d. 733 H./1333 A.D.)(2004), Nihāyat al-’Arab fī Funūn al-’Adab, Najīb Fawwāz ed., Beirūt: Dār al-Kutub al-ʻIlmīyah.

Ramaḍān, Aḥmad (1977); Islamic Society in Bilad al-Sham in the Period of the Crusades, Cairo: Mu’assasat Rūzalīyūn.

Sibṭ ibn al-Jawzī, Yūsif ibn Qizughlī (d. 654 H./1256 A.D.)(2013); Mirʼāt al-Zamān fī Taʼrīkh al-Aʻyān, Ibrāhīm Zaibaq et.al. eds., Damascus: Muʼassasat al-Risālah al-ʻĀlamīyah.

al-Ṣafadī, Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn Khalīl ibn ’Aibak (d. 764 H./1363 A.D.)(2003); al-Wāfī bi-al-Wafiyāt, Aḥmad al-’Arnā’ūṭ ed., Beirūt: Dār ’Iḥya’ al-Turāth al-‘Arabī.

Theoderich (6 century H./12 century A.D.)(2003); Description of the Holy Places in Palestine, Sa‘īd al-Bishāwī and Riyāḍ Shāhīn eds., ‘Ammān: Dār al-Shurūq.

Zakkār, Suhaīl (Authorization, Investigation and Translation)(1993); “The Wars of Richard the Lionheart”. Within: al-Mawsū‘ah al-Shāmīyah fī Tārīkh al-Ḥurūb al-Ṣalībīyah, Damascus: Dār al-Fikr.

Zakkār, Suhaīl (Authorization, Investigation and Translation)(1998); “The Crusade of Richard Hatrted of Lion”. Within: al-Mawsu‘ah al-Shāmīyah li-Tārīkh al-Ḥurūb al-Ṣalībīyah, Ambroise organized it in Old Frenched, Vol. 32, Part 1, Pp: 3 -356, Damascus: Dār al-Fikr.

Zakkār, Suhaīl (Authorization, Investigation and Translation)(2000); “Flores Historiarum”. Within: al-Mawsu‘ah al-Shāmīyah li-Tārīkh al-Ḥurūb al-Ṣalībīyah, classification by Roger of Wendover, Volume 39, Part 2, Pp: 511-1042, Damascus: Dār al-Fikr.

al-Zubaīdī, al-Murtaḏah Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad (d 1205 H./ 1790 A.D.)(1969); Tarwīḥ al-Qulūb fī Ḏikr al-Mulūk Banī ’Ayoūb, Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn al-Munjid ed., Bairūt: Dār al-Kitāb al-Jadīd.

Published

2023-02-28

How to Cite

Al Rwaidi, M. M., Bani Issa, A. A. ., & Al Mazawdah, M. A. (2023). The Impact of Military Conflicts on the Shami Peasantry During the Ayyubid Rule (570-648 AH /1174-1250 AD). Jordan Journal for History and Archaeology, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.35516/jjha.v17i1.956

Issue

Section

Articles