Al-Malik al-Mansur ‘Izz al-Din Farkhshah ibn Shahanshah al-Ayyubi and His Role in the Ayyubid State (565 –578 AH / 1169 - 1182 AD)

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.35516/jjha.v17i1.959

Keywords:

‘Izz al-Din Farrukhshah, Ayyubid state, Salah al-Din, Crusaders.

Abstract

This study examines an important figure in the Ayyubid state, al-Malik al-Mansur ‘Izz al-Din Farrakshah ibn Shahanshah al-Ayyubi by studying his biography and the role he played in confronting the Crusaders and liberating the Islamic lands from them, along with his uncle Salah al-Din al-Ayyubi, and in protecting the Ayyubid state and preserving its unity and by highlighting his interest in culture and his patronage of science and scholars, as well as his role in administration and building.

Author Biography

Fawzi Al Twahya, The University of Jordan

Department of History, Faculty of Arts

References

Abū al-Fidā’, Ismā‘īl ibn ‘Alī ibn Muḥammad ibn Maḥmūd ibn ‘Umar ibn Shāhanshāh ibn Ayyūb (d 732 H./1331 A.F.D.)(1997); al-Mukhtaṣar fī Akhbār al-Bashar, 2 vols., Maḥmūd Dīūb ed., Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmīyah.

Abū Shāmah, ‘Abd al-Raḥman ibn Ismā‘īl al-Maqdisī (d 665 H./1266 A.D.)(1997); al-Rawḍatayn fī Akhbār al-Dawlatayn, Ibrāhīm al-Zībaq ed., Beirut: Mu’assasat al-Risālah.

al-‘Aynī, Bādir al-Dīn Maḥmūd (d 855 H./1451 A.D.)(2003); ‘Iqd al-Jumān fī Tārīkh Ahl al-Zamān, Maḥmūd Rizq Maḥmūd ed., Cairo: Dār al-Kutub wa-al-Wathā’iq al-Qawmīyah.

al-Ayyūbī, Muḥammad ibn Taqī al-Dīn ‘Umar (d 617 H./1220 A.D.)(1969); Miḍmār al-Ḥaqā’iq wa-Sirr al-Khalā’iq, Ḥasan Ḥibshī ed., Cairo: ‘Ālam al-Kutub.

al-Bandārī, al-Fatḥ ibn ‘Alī (d 643 H./1245 A.D.)(1979); Sanā al-Barq al-Shāmī, Fatḥīyah al-Nabrāwī ed., Cairo: Maktbat al-Khānjī.

Brockelmann, C. and Cohen, Cl. (1986); al-Ḳāḍī al-Fāḍil, EI2, Vol. IV, pp. 376-377. London: Leiden.

al-Dawādārī, Abū Bakr ibn ‘Abd Allāh ibn Aybak (d. 736 H./1335 A.D.)(1972); Kinz al-Durar wa-Jāmi‘ al-Ghurar (al-Dur al-Maṭlūb fī Akhbār Mulūk Banī Ayyūb), vol. 7, Sa‘īd ‘Abd al-Fatāḥ ‘Ashūr ed., Cairo: German Institute.

al-Dhahabī, Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn ‘Uthmān (d. 748 H./1347 A.D.)(2010); Tārīkh al-Islām wa-Wafīyāt al-Mashāhīr wa-al-A‘lām, Bashār ‘Awād Ma‘rūf ed., Beirut: Dār al-Gharb al-Islāmī.

al-Dhahabī, Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn ‘Uthmān (d. 748 H./1347 A.D.)(1985); al-‘Ibar fī Khabr min ‘Abar, Abū Hājar Muḥammad al-Saʿīd ed., Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmīyah.

Gibb, Hamilton (1973), Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn al-Ayyūbī, Dirāsāt fī al-Tārīkh al-Islāmī, Translation and editing by Yūsuf Aybsh, trans. and editing, Beirut: Dār Bisān.

al-Ḥamawī, Yāqūt ibn ‘Abd Allāh al-Rūmī (d. 626 H./1228 A.D.)(1997); Mu‘jam al-Udabā’, Iḥsān ‘Abbās ed., Beirut: Dār al-Gharb al-Islāmī.

al-Ḥamawī, Yāqūt ibn ‘Abd Allāh al-Rūmī (d. 626 H./1228 A.D.) (1995), Mu‘jam al-Buldān, vol. 5, Beirut: Dār Sādir, 2nd ed.

al-Ḥanbalī, Aḥmad ibn Ibrāhīm (d. 876 H./1471 A.D.)(1996); Shifā’ al-Qulūb fī Manāqib Banī Ayyūb, Madīḥah al-Sharqāwī ed., Cairo: Maktabat al-Thaqāfiyah al-Dīniyah.

al-Ḥiyyārī, Muṣṭafā (1994); Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn al-Qā’id wa-‘Aṣruh, Beirut: Dār al-Gharb al-Islāmī.

Ibn ‘Abd al-Ẓāhir, Muḥyī al-Dīn Abū al-Faḍl ‘Abd Allāh (d. 692 H./1293 A.D.)(1996); al-Rawḍah al-Bahīyah al-Zāhirah fī Khaṭṭ al-Ma‘zīyah al-Qāhirah, Ayman Fu’ād Sa‘īd ed., Cairo: al-Dār al-‘Arabīyah lil-Kitāb.

Ibn Abī al-Dam al-Ḥamawī, Shihāb al-Dīn Ibrāhīm (d. 642H./1244 A.D.)(1995); “al-Tārīkh al-Muẓaffarī”, In: al-Mawsu‘ah al-Shāmīyah li-Tārīkh al-Ḥurūb al-Ṣalībīyah, Suhayl Zakkār ed., Damascus: Dār al-Fikr.

Ibn al-‘Adīm, Kamāl al-Dīn ‘Umar ibn Aḥmad (d. 660 H./1261 A.D.)(2006); Zubdat al-Ḥalab min Tārīkh Ḥalab, 3 vols., Sāmī al-Dahān ed., Damascus: Dār Sa‘d al-Dīn lil-Ṭibā‘ah wa-al-Nashr.

Ibn al-Athīr, ‘Izz al-Dīn ‘Alī ibn Muḥammad al-Shībānī (d. 630H./ 1232 A.D.)(1963); al-Tārīkh al-Bāhir fī al-Dawlah al-‘Atābakīyah, ‘Abd al-Qādir Ṭulīmāt ed., Cairo: Dār al-Kutub al-Ḥadīthah.

Ibn al-Athīr, ‘Izz al-Dīn ‘Alī ibn Muḥammad al-Shībānī (d. 630H./ 1232 A.D.)(1972); al-Kāmil fī al-Tārīkh, Beirut: Dār Ṣādir.

Ibn al-Furāt, Nāṣir al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn ‘Abd al-Raḥīm (d. 807 H./1404 A.D.)(1970); Tārīkh ibn al-Furāt, vol. 4, Part 1, Ḥasan al-Shamā‘ ed., Baghdad: Jami‘at Baghdad.

Ibn al-‘Ibrī, Ghrīghūrīūs Abū al-Faraj ibn Ahrūn al-Malṭī (d. 685 H./1286 A.D.)(1995); “Riwāyāt ibn al-‘Ibrī”. In: al-Mawsu‘ah al-Shāmīyah li-Tārīkh al-Ḥurūb al-Ṣalībīyah, Suhayl Zakkār ed., Damascus: Dār al-Fikr.

Ibn al-Qalānsī, Abū Ya‘lī Ḥamzah ibn Asad al-Tamīmī (d. 555 H./1160 A.D.)(1983); Tārīkh Dimshšq, Suhayl Zakkār ed., Damascus: Dār al-Fikr.

Ibn Kathīr, Ismā‘īl ibn ‘Umar (d. 774 H./1372 A.D.)(1998); al-Bidāyah wa-al-Nihāyah, ‘Abd Allāh ‘Abd al-Muḥsin al-Turkī ed., Cairo: Hajr lil-Ṭibā‘ah wa-al-Nashr.

Ibn Khalikān, Shams al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad (d. 681H./1282 A.D.)(1969); Wafiyāt al-A‘yān wa-Anbā’ Abnā’ āl Zamān, Iḥsān ‘Abbās ed., Beirut: Dār Ṣādir.

Ibn Sabāṭ, Ḥamzah ibn Aḥmad ibn ‘Umar (d. after 926 H./1520 A.D.)(1993); Ṣidq al-Akhbār al-Ma‘rūf bi-Tārīkh ibn Sibāṭ, 2 vols., ‘Umar ‘Abd al-Salām Tadmurī, ed., Ṭrablus: Jarrūs Press.

Ibn Shaddād, ‘Izz al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn ‘Ali al-Ḥalabī (d. 684 H./1285 A.D.)(1956); al-A‘lāq al-Khaṭīrah fī Dhikr Umarā’ al-Shām wa-al-Jazīrah, (Qism Dimashq), Sāmī al-Dahān, ed., Damascus: al-Ma‘had al-Faransī lil-Dirāsāt al-‘Arabīyah.

Ibn Shaddād, Bahād al-Dīn Yūsuf ibn Rāfi‘ (d. 632H./1234 A.D.)(1994); al-Nawādir al-Sulṭānīyah wa-al-Maḥāsin al-Yūsufiyah, Jamāl al-Dīn al-Shayāl ed., Caio: Maktabat al-Khānjī, 2nd ed.

Ibn Taghrī Birdī, Yūsuf ibn ‘Abd Allāh al-Ẓāhirī Jamāl al-Dīn Abū al-Maḥāsin (d. 874.H./1469A.D.)(1992); al-Nujūm al-Zāhirah fī Akhbār Mulūk Miṣr wa-al-Qāhirah, Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmīyah.

Ibn Wāṣil, Jamāl al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Sālim (d. 697H./1297 A.D.)(1953-1960); Mufarrij al-Kurūb fī Akhbār Banī Ayyūb, vol.1, Part 3, Jamāl al-Dīn al-Shayāl ed., Cairo: al-Maṭba‘ah al-Amīriyah.

Ibn Wāṣil, Jamāl al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Sālim (d. 697H./1297 A.D.)(1972-1977); Mufarrij al-Kurūb fī Akhbār Banī Ayyūb, vol. 4, Part 5, Ḥasanayn Rabī‘ and Sa‘īd ‘Ashūr eds., Cairo: al-Maṭba‘ah al-Amīriah.

Ibn Wāṣil, Jamāl al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Sālim (d. 697H./1297 A.D.)(1995); “al-Tārīkh al-Ṣāliḥī”. In: al-Mawsu‘ah al-Shāmīyah li-Tārīkh al-Ḥurūb al-Ṣalībīyah, Suhayl Zakkār ed., Damascus: Dār al-Fikr.

al-Iṣfahānī, ‘Imād al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Ḥāmid (d 597H./1200 A. D.)(1968); Kharīdat al-Qaṣir wa-Jarīdat al-‘Aṣir, (Qism al-Shām), Shukrī Fayṣal ed., Damascus: Majma‘ al-Lughah al-‘Arabīyah.

al-Iṣfahānī, ‘Imād al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Ḥāmid (d 597H./1200 A. D.)(1987); al-Barq al-Shāmī, vol. 3, Muṣṭafā al-Ḥayārī ed., Amman: Mu’assasat ‘Abd al-Ḥamīd Shumān.

al-Iṣfahānī, ‘Imād al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Ḥāmid (d 597H./1200 A. D.)(1987); al-Barq al-Shāmī, vol. 5, Fāliḥ Ḥusayn ed., Amman: Mu’assasat ‘Abd al-Ḥamīd Shumān.

al-Iṣfahānī, ʿImād al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Ḥāmid (d 597H./1200 A. D.)(2011); al-Bustān al-Jāmi‘ li-Jamī‘ Tawārīkh Ahl al-Zamān, Muḥammad al-Ṭa‘ānī ed., Irbid: Dār Ḥamādah lil-Dirāsāt al-Jāmi‘īyah.

al-Maqrīzī, Taqī al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn ‘Alī (d. 845 H./1442 A.D.)(1956); al-Sulūk li-Ma‘rifat Duwal al-Mulūk, Muḥammad Muṣṭafā Ziyādah, Cairo: Maṭba‘at Ha’yat al-Ta’līf wa-al-Tarjamah wa-al-Nashr.

al-Maqrīzī, Taqī al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn ‘Alī (d. 845 H./1442 A.D.)(2002); al-Mawā‘iẓ wa-al-I‘tibār fī Dhikr al-Khiṭaṭ wa-al-Āthār, Ayman Fu’ād Sa‘īd ed., London: Mu’assasat al-Furqān lil-Turāth al-Islāmi.

Masse, H. (1986); ‘Imād al-Dīn Muḥammad b. Muḥammad al-Khatīb al- Isfahānī, London: Leiden, Netherlands.

al-Nu‘aymī, ‘Abd al-Qādir ibn Muḥammad al-Dimashqī (d. 978 H./1600 A.D.)(1990); al-Dāris fī Tārīkh al-Madāris, 2 vol., Ibrāhīm Shams al-Dīn ed., Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmīyah.

al-Rahāwī, Matā (d. 632 H./1234 A.D.)(1986); Tārīkh al-Rahāwī al-Majhūl, Albīr Abūna trans from Syriac, Baghdad: Maṭba‘at Shafīq.

al-Ṣafadī, Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn Khalīl ibn Aybak (d. 764 H./1362 A.D.)(2000); al-Wāfī bi-al-Wafīyāt, Aḥmad al-Arna’ūṭ and Turkī Muṣṭafā eds., Beirut: Dar Iḥyā’ al-Turāth.

Sibt Ibn al-Jawzī, Yūsuf ibn Qaz-Oghlī (d. 654 H./1256 A.D)(2013); Mir’āt al-Zamān fī Tawārīkh al-A‘yān, Ibrāhīm al-Zaybaq et al. eds., Beirut: Mu’assasat al-Risālah, 1st ed.

Shakīl, Hādīyah Dajānī (1994); al-Qāḍī al-Fāḍil wa-Dawruh al-Takhṭīṭī fī Dawlat Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn wa-Futūḥātuh, Beirut: Mu’assasat al-Dirāsāt al-Falasṭīnīyah.

Ṣūrī, William (William of Tyre) (d. 582 H./1186 A.D.)(1990); al-A‘māl al-Munjizah fīmā Warā’ al-Biḥār, Suhayl Zakkār ed., Beirut: Dār al-Fikr.

al-Ṭa‘ānī, Muḥammad (2011); Muqaddamat Taḥqīq Kitāb al-Bustān al-Jāmi‘ah li-Jamī‘ Tawārīkh Ahl al-Zamān, Irbid: Dār Ḥamādah lil-Dirāsāt al-Jāmi‘īyah.

Ṭalās, Muṣṭafā (1992); al-Mu‘jam al-Jughrāfī lil-Quṭr al-‘Arabī al-Sūrī, Damascus: Markaz al-Dirāsāt al-‘Askarīyah.

al-Ṭawāhīyah, Fawzī (2012); “al-Iqṭā‘ al-‘Askarī (al-Ḥarbī) fī Bilād al-Shām fī al-‘Aṣr al-Ayyūbī”. Jordan Journal for History and Archaeology, vol. 3, no. 2, Pp. 1-31.

‘Uqlah, ‘Iṣām and al-Ṭawāhīyah, Fawzī (2014); “al-Malik al-Muẓaffar Taqī al-Dīn ‘Umar wa-Dawruhu fī al-Dawlah al-Ayyūbīyah (565-587H./1169-1191A.D.)”. Jordan Journal for History and Archaeology, Amman, vol. 8, Nos. 3-4, Pp. 17-50.

‘Uqlah, ‘Iṣām and al-Ṭawāhīyah, Fawzī (2016); “al-Qāḍī al-Fāḍil (526-596 H./1132-1200 A.D.) wa-Kitābih al-Mīāumāt fī al-Tārīkh”. Jordan Journal for History and Archaeology, Amman, vol. 10, No. 1, Pp. 1-47.

al-Yāfi‘ī, ‘Abd Allāh ibn Abī As‘ad (d. 768 H./1366 A.D.)(1997); Mir’āt al-Jinān wa-‘Ibrat al-Yaqẓān, Khalīl Manṣūr ed., Beirut: Dār al-Kutubal-‘Ilmiyah.

Published

2023-02-28

How to Cite

Al Twahya, F. . (2023). Al-Malik al-Mansur ‘Izz al-Din Farkhshah ibn Shahanshah al-Ayyubi and His Role in the Ayyubid State (565 –578 AH / 1169 - 1182 AD). Jordan Journal for History and Archaeology, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.35516/jjha.v17i1.959

Issue

Section

Articles