Evaluation of Pharmacotherapy Standards During Pregnancy Among Jordanian Pharmacy Colleges Graduates
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35516/jjps.v16i3.972Keywords:
Pregnancy, Drug Therapy, Health Safety, Pharmaceutical CareAbstract
Background: Pharmacists' knowledge of medication risks and benefits during pregnancy, as well as their competence in making appropriate therapeutic decisions to optimize medication use among pregnant women, is crucial. This study aims to evaluate the knowledge of Jordanian pharmacists regarding medication risks and safety during pregnancy and assess their abilities to make appropriate therapeutic decisions and optimize medication use.
Methods: A self-administered questionnaire was sent to 400 randomly selected pharmacists practicing in Amman, Jordan. A validated questionnaire, consisting of six sections with predefined options, was employed.
Results: A total of 233 pharmacists completed the questionnaire, resulting in a response rate of 58.2%. Nearly 73.4% of pharmacists (N = 171) correctly identified the drug of choice for hypertension during pregnancy. Over 70% of pharmacists (N = 169) determined the correct dose of aspirin to prevent preeclampsia. About 50% of pharmacists exhibited limited knowledge regarding drug risks and safety during pregnancy. There was a significant difference in the pharmacists' scores on all tests based on their marital status and years of experience (p = 0.04 and p = 0.01, respectively). Among pharmacists, 79.8% stated that they studied pharmacotherapy during pregnancy in their undergraduate courses.
Conclusion: Pharmacists have demonstrated an inadequate level of preparedness in providing appropriate pharmaceutical care for pregnant women. Therefore, there is an urgent need to collaborate between national health authorities and academic institutions to empower pharmacists and enhance their knowledge and skills necessary to improve the health outcomes of pregnant women.
References
Reis T., Campos M., Nagai M., et al. Contributions of Pharmacists in the Treatment of Epilepsy: A Systematic Review. American Journal of Pharmacy Benefits. 2016; 8: 55-59.
Anggraini S., Utami W., Zairina E. Factors affecting community pharmacist's service for women with chronic diseases during pregnancy and breastfeeding: application of the Health Belief Model. Journal of basic and clinical physiology and pharmacology. 2019; 30(6). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/jbcpp-2019-0347
Leung HY., Saini B., Ritchie HE. Medications and pregnancy: The role of community pharmacists - A descriptive study. PloS one. 2018; 13(5): 0195101. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0195101
Lynch MM., Amoozegar JB., McClure EM., et al. Improving Safe Use of Medications During Pregnancy: The Roles of Patients, Physicians, and Pharmacists. Qualitative health research. 2017; 27(13): 2071-2080. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732317732027
Al-Qudah RA., Tuza O., Tawfiek H., et al. Community pharmacy ethical practice in Jordan: assessing attitude, needs and barriers. Pharmacy practice. 2019; 17(1): 1386. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18549/PharmPract.2019.1.1386
Al-Quteimat OM., Amer AM. Evidence-based pharmaceutical care: The next chapter in pharmacy practice. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal : SPJ : the official publication of the Saudi Pharmaceutical Society. 2016; 24(4): 447-451. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2014.07.010
Saadeh A., Jarab AS., Jaradat Ra., et al. Community Pharmacists' Attitudes, Preferences and Barriers toward Continuing Pharmaceutical Education: A Cross Sectional Study in Jordan. Jordan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2023; 16(2): 245-257. DOI: https://doi.org/10.35516/jjps.v16i2.1328
Chanakit T., Low BY., Wongpoowarak P., et al. Does a transition in education equate to a transition in practice? Thai stakeholder's perceptions of the introduction of the Doctor of Pharmacy programme. BMC Medical Education. 2015; 15: 205. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-015-0473-4
Kheir N., Zaidan M., Younes H., et al. Pharmacy education and practice in 13 Middle Eastern countries. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education. 2008; 72(6): 133. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5688/aj7206133
Albsoul-Younes A., Wazaify M., Alkofahi A. Pharmaceutical Care Education and Practice in Jordan in the New Millennium. Jordan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2007; 1.
Waterfield J. Is pharmacy a knowledge-based profession? American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education. 2010; 74(3): 50. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5688/aj740350
Hjazeen R. Community Pharmacists’ Perspectives toward Continuing Professional Development: A Qualitative Study. Jordan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2023; 16(2): 449. DOI: https://doi.org/10.35516/jjps.v16i2.1488
Egieyeh EO, Bheekie A, van Huyssteen M, et al. Development and Implementation of an Integrated Framework for Undergraduate Pharmacy Training in Maternal and Child Health at a South African University. Pharmacy (Basel, Switzerland). 2021; 9(4). DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy9040163
Tuha A., Gurbie Y., Hailu HG. Evaluation of Knowledge and Practice of Pharmacy Professionals regarding the Risk of Medication Use during Pregnancy in Dessie Town, Northeast Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study. J Pregnancy. 2019; 2019: 2186841. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/2186841
Abuarrah E. Community Pharmacists' Medication Knowledge: A Nation-wide Study in Palestine. 2012.
Alrabiah Z., Al-Arifi MN., Alghadeer SM., et al. Knowledge of community pharmacists about the risks of medication use during pregnancy in central region of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal : SPJ : the official publication of the Saudi Pharmaceutical Society. 2017; 25(7): 1093-1096. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2017.05.005
Dathe K., Frank J., Padberg S., et al. Fetal adverse effects following NSAID or metamizole exposure in the 2nd and 3rd trimester: an evaluation of the German Embryotox cohort. BMC pregnancy and childbirth. 2022; 22(1): 666. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-022-04986-4
Crichton M., Davidson AR., Innerarity C., et al. Orally consumed ginger and human health: an umbrella review. Am J Clin Nutr. 2022; 115(6): 1511-1527. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqac035
Viljoen E., Visser J., Koen N., et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect and safety of ginger in the treatment of pregnancy-associated nausea and vomiting. Nutr J. 2014; 13: 20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-13-20
Odalović M., Milanković S., Holst L., et al. Pharmacists counselling of pregnant women: Web-based, comparative study between Serbia and Norway. Midwifery. 2016; 40: 79-86. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2016.06.003
Ding M., Leach M., Bradley H. The effectiveness and safety of ginger for pregnancy-induced nausea and vomiting: a systematic review. Women Birth. 2013; 26(1): 26-30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2012.08.001
Damase-Michel C., Vié C., Lacroix I., et al. Drug counselling in pregnancy: an opinion survey of French community pharmacists. Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety. 2004; 13(10): 711-715. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/pds.954
Mantaring J., Benyacoub J., Destura R., et al. Effect of maternal supplement beverage with and without probiotics during pregnancy and lactation on maternal and infant health: a randomized controlled trial in the Philippines. BMC pregnancy and childbirth. 2018; 18(1): 193. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-018-1828-8
Albassam A., Awad A. Community pharmacists' services for women during pregnancy and breast feeding in Kuwait: a cross-sectional study. BMJ open. 2018; 8(1): 018980. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018980
Garovic VD., Dechend R., Easterling T., et al. Hypertension in Pregnancy: Diagnosis, Blood Pressure Goals, and Pharmacotherapy: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Hypertension (Dallas, Tex : 1979). 2022; 79(2): 21-41. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/HYP.0000000000000212
Karalis DG., Hill AN., Clifton S., et al. The risks of statin use in pregnancy: A systematic review. Journal of clinical lipidology. 2016; 10(5): 1081-1090. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacl.2016.07.002
Nasioudis D., Doulaveris G., Kanninen TT. Dyslipidemia in pregnancy and maternal-fetal outcome. Minerva ginecologica. 2019; 71(2): 155-162. DOI: https://doi.org/10.23736/S0026-4784.18.04330-7
Lewek J., Banach M. Dyslipidemia Management in Pregnancy: Why Is It not Covered in the Guidelines? Current atherosclerosis reports. 2022; 24(7): 547-556. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11883-022-01030-w
Vanya M., Matuz M., Benko R., et al. Knowledge and opinion of pharmacists on emergency contraceptive pills in Hungary. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy. 2017; 39(3): 594-600. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-017-0448-0
Forough AS., Esfahani PR. Impact of Pharmacist Intervention on Appropriate Insulin Pen Use in Older Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in a Rural Area in Iran. Journal of Research in Pharmacy Practice. 2017; 6(2): 114-119. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/jrpp.JRPP_16_151
Hughes JD., Wibowo Y., Sunderland B., et al. The role of the pharmacist in the management of type 2 diabetes: current insights and future directions. Integrated pharmacy research & practice. 2017; 6: 15-27. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/IPRP.S103783
Baroody FM., Brown D., Gavanescu L., et al. Oxymetazoline adds to the effectiveness of fluticasone furoate in the treatment of perennial allergic rhinitis. The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology. 2011; 127(4): 927-934. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2011.01.037
Atallah A., Lecarpentier E., Goffinet F., et al. Aspirin for Prevention of Preeclampsia. Drugs. 2017; 77(17): 1819-1831. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40265-017-0823-0
Ma'ayeh M., Costantine MM. Prevention of preeclampsia. Seminars in fetal & neonatal medicine. 2020; 25(5): 101123. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.siny.2020.101123