Medical Education in the Abbasid Era: From Mentoring to Qualifying Examinations

Authors

  • Noor Maani Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
  • Walid S. Almaani Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.35516/jmj.v60i2.4413

Keywords:

Abbasid, Education, Medicine, Teaching, Hospital

Abstract

The Abbasid era heralded a significant epoch marked by remarkable advancements in various scientific disciplines, notably medicine. Successive rulers of this era embarked on a competitive endeavor to leave indelible marks on the progression of both arts and sciences. This paper aims to elucidate the historical trajectory of medical education during this period, elucidating how eminent physicians orchestrated the establishment and management of hospitals while imparting their expertise to aspiring medical practitioners. Much of the foundation of contemporary medical education, encompassing bedside instruction, informed patient consent, resident training incorporating rounds and clinical documentation, culminating in comprehensive qualifying examinations and professional supervision by regulatory entities, can trace its roots back to the Abbasid era.

References

1. Ajlouni, K. M. (2003). Values, qualifications, ethics and legal standards in Arabic (Islamic) medicine. Saudi Medical Journal, 24(8), 820-826. https://smj.org.sa/content/24/8/820/tab-article-info.

2. Albinali H. A. (2013). Arab or islamic medicine? Heart views: the official journal of the Gulf Heart Association, 14(1), 41–42. https://doi.org/10.4103/1995-705X.107124.

3. Al-Jawhari, E.I.H. (1987). Al-Sihah Taj al-Lughah and Sihah al-Arabyah (Attar A. Ed.). Beirut: Dar al-Elm.

4. Allen, T. (1986). A classical revival in Islamic architecture, Wiesbaden: Reichert.

5. Al-Nawawi, M. (2007). Riyad al-Salihin (Al-Fahl Ed.). Beirut: Dar al-Fikr al-Mu‘asir.

6. Al-Qalqashandi, S.A. (1913). Subh al-A'sha fi Sina'at al-Insha (Al-Abbas A. Ed.). Cairo: al-Amiriyyah Press.

7. Al-Qifti, I. (1903). Tarikh al-Hukama’ (Lippert J. Ed.). Leipzig: Dieterich'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung.

8. Al-Razi, A. (1995). Al-Murshid (Arabic print). Cairo: Institute of Medical Manuscripts.

9. Al-Sergany, R. (2009). The Story of Medical Sciences in the Arab Civilization (Arabic print). Cairo: Iqraa Publications.

10. Al-Shaizari, A. R. (1946). Nehayat al Rotba fi Talab al Hesba (Al-Arini A. Ed.). Cairo: Committee for Translation and publication Press.

11. Ayad, A. (2015, November 14). History of Medicine in the Islamic Civilization. http://www.khaleafa.com/khaleafacom/history-of-medicine-in-the-islamic-civilization

12. Brater, D. C. & Daly W. J. (2000). Clinical pharmacology in the Middle Ages: principles that presage the 21st century. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics, 67(5):447-450. https://doi.org/10.1067/mcp.2000.106465.

13. Browne, E. G. (1921). Arabian Medicine, being the Fitzpatrick lectures delivered at the college of Physicians. Cambridge: Cambridge University press, 1921.

14. Courtney, W. L. (2014). The Ethics of Healthcare During the Abbasid Caliphate, in Introduction to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. University of Georgia RELI 1001.

15. Hamarneh, S. & Anees M. A. (1983). Health Sciences in Early Islam, 2 volumes, A Noor health foundation and Zahraa publication. https://www.zahrapublications.pub/pdf/HealthSciencesInEarlyIslamVolume1-HaeriTrust-ZP-Sample.pdf. https://www.zahrapublications.pub/pdf/HealthSciencesInEarlyIslamVolume2-HaeriTrust-ZP-Sample.pdf.

16. Horden, P (2005). The Earliest Hospitals in Byzantium, Western Europe, and Islam. Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 35(3): 361-389. https://doi.org/10.1162/0022195052564243.

17. Hunke, S. (2009). Allahs sonne uber dem Abendland. Frankfurt: Fischer Tasschebnuch Verlag.

18. Ibn Abi Usaybia, A. (1998). Uyun al-Anba fi Tabakat al-Atibba. (Arabic print, Oyoun Alsood M. Ed.). Beirut: Dar al-kotob al-ilmiya.

19. Ibn al-Nadim, M. (1930). Al-Fihrist (Arabic print). Cairo: al-Rahmaneya Press.

20. Ibn Khallikan, A. (2009). Wafayat al-Ayan (Arabic print. Beirut: Dar Ihyaa al-Torath al-Arabi).

21. Ibn Qurra, T. (1928). Al-Dhadkhira fi ilm al-tibb. Cairo: Amiri Press.

22. Ibn Sina, A. (2005). Al-qanun fi al-tibb. Beirut: Alaalami Library.

23. Issa, A. (2011). The history of Bimaristans in Islam (Arabic print). Cairo: Kalimat Arabiya).

24. Mackensen, R. S. (1932). Four great libraries of medieval Baghdad. The Library Quarterly, 2(3), 279-299. https://archive.org/details/LibrariesMedievalBaghdad/mode/2up.

25. Nagamia, H. (2003). Islamic Medicine History and Current Practice. Journal for the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine, 2, 19-30. https://www.ishim.net/ishimj/4/04.pdf.

26. Neuburger, M. (1910). History of medicine. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

27. The Quran (M.A.S Abdel Haleem, Trans.). (2004). Oxford University Press.

28. Tschanz, D. W. (2003). Arab Roots of European Medicine. Heart views: the official journal of the Gulf Heart Association, 4(2):9.

https://journals.lww.com/hrtv/fulltext/2003/04020/arab_roots_of_european_medicine.9.aspx

29. Vadet, J.C. (1960). Ibn Masawaih, The Encyclopedia of Islam, edition 2. Brill Archive.

Wiet, G. (1971). Baghdad: Metropolis of the Abbasid Caliphate. Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press.

Downloads

Published

2026-03-17

How to Cite

Maani, N., & Almaani, W. S. (2026). Medical Education in the Abbasid Era: From Mentoring to Qualifying Examinations . Jordan Medical Journal, 60(2). https://doi.org/10.35516/jmj.v60i2.4413

Issue

Section

Articles