The Prevalence of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Internet Gaming Disorder and Their Association Among Adults in Jordan: A Cross-Sectional Study

المؤلفون

  • Ahmad Kaffaf The University of Jordan
  • Ahmed Attarri The University of Jordan
  • Hussein Abdulelah The University of Jordan
  • Tamer Barakat The University of Jordan
  • Yousef Omar The University of Jordan

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.35516/jmj.v59i5.1769

الكلمات المفتاحية:

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder، Internet Gaming Disorder، Adults، Jordan

الملخص

Objective: This study investigates the prevalence of adult ADHD and Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) among Jordanian students and graduates and examines their associations and determinants.

Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted using an online self-administered questionnaire comprising three sections: demographics, the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS), and an IGD assessment.

Results: Among 1989 participants, 25.6% screened positive for adult ADHD (average ASRS score: 7.25). Factors associated with Adult ADHD included male gender, younger age, lower GPA, and prior psychiatric diagnoses. Additionally, 14.7% met IGD criteria. Male gender, younger age, single marital status, and southern Jordan residence were significantly associated with risky gaming behavior and IGD. A significant connection between IGD and ADHD was observed.

Conclusion: This study underscores a significant prevalence of adult ADHD and IGD, emphasizing the need for heightened awareness and intervention strategies to address the psychological implications on individuals' well-being.

المراجع

Austerman J. ADHD and behavioral disorders: Assessment, management, and an update from DSM-5. Cleve Clin J Med. 2015;82(11 suppl 1):S2-S7. doi:10.3949/CCJM.82.S1.01

Graziosi GD; ;, Toplak ME;, Hesson J;, et al. A Review of Canadian Diagnosed ADHD Prevalence and Incidence Estimates Published in the Past Decade. Brain Sciences 2022, Vol 12, Page 1051. 2022;12(8):1051. doi:10.3390/BRAINSCI12081051

Katzman MA, Bilkey TS, Chokka PR, Fallu A, Klassen LJ. Adult ADHD and comorbid disorders: clinical implications of a dimensional approach. BMC Psychiatry 2017 17:1. 2017;17(1):1-15. doi:10.1186/S12888-017-1463-3

Faraone S v., Biederman J, Mick E. The age-dependent decline of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analysis of follow-up studies. Psychol Med. 2006;36(2):159-165. doi:10.1017/S003329170500471X

Ko CH. Internet Gaming Disorder. Current Addiction Reports 2014 1:3. 2014;1(3):177-185. doi:10.1007/S40429-014-0030-Y

González-Bueso V, Santamaría JJ, Fernández D, Merino L, Montero E, Ribas J. Association between Internet Gaming Disorder or Pathological Video-Game Use and Comorbid Psychopathology: A Comprehensive Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(4). doi:10.3390/IJERPH15040668

Pearcy BTD, McEvoy PM, Roberts LD. Internet Gaming Disorder Explains Unique Variance in Psychological Distress and Disability After Controlling for Comorbid Depression, OCD, ADHD, and Anxiety.

https://home.liebertpub.com/cyber. 2017; 20(2): 126-132. doi:10.1089/CYBER.2016.0304

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.

Addictive behaviours: Gaming disorder. Accessed November 23, 2022. https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/addictive-behaviours-gaming-disorder

Stevens MWR, Dorstyn D, Delfabbro PH, King DL. Global prevalence of gaming disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2021;55(6):553-568. doi:10.1177/0004867420962851/ASSET/IMAGES/LARGE/10.1177_0004867420962851-FIG2.JPEG

Schreiber LRN, Grant JE, Odlaug BL. Emotion regulation and impulsivity in young adults. J Psychiatr Res. 2012;46(5):651-658. doi:10.1016/J.JPSYCHIRES.2012.02.005

Yen JY, Liu TL, Wang PW, Chen CS, Yen CF, Ko CH. Association between Internet gaming disorder and adult attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder and their correlates: Impulsivity and hostility. Addictive Behaviors. 2017;64:308-313. doi:10.1016/J.ADDBEH.2016.04.024

Chan PA, Rabinowitz T. A cross-sectional analysis of video games and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in adolescents. Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2006;5:16. doi:10.1186/1744-859X-5-16

al Hadi , Ahmad N., Aldussary , Dina M., Abanumy , Jawaher A., Alghamdi , Maha A., Alsahli , Nora A., Alghamdi , Sumaya A. The Prevalence of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Internet Gaming Disorder and Their Association among Adults in Saudi Arabia : A Cross-Sectional Study. Aljouf University Medical Journal. 2021;8(2):45-56. doi:10.12816/0058988

Mhalla A, Guedria A, Brahem T, et al. ADHD in Tunisian Adolescents: Prevalence and Associated Factors. J Atten Disord. 2018;22(2):154-162. doi:10.1177/1087054717702217

Baiumy S, Elella EA, Hewedi D, Elkholy H. Internet Gaming Disorder Scale: Arabic version validation. Middle East Current Psychiatry. 2018;25(1):13-15. doi:10.1097/01.XME.0000526696.50303

Variable influence of the degree of smoking dependence on adult attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in Iraqi medical students - PubMed. Accessed October 10, 2022. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22772930/

Fayyad J, de Graaf R, Kessler R, et al. Cross-national prevalence and correlates of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Br J Psychiatry. 2007;190(MAY):402-409. doi:10.1192/BJP.BP.106.034389

Polanczyk G v., Willcutt EG, Salum GA, Kieling C, Rohde LA. ADHD prevalence estimates across three decades: an updated systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Int J Epidemiol. 2014;43(2):434-442. doi:10.1093/IJE/DYT261

Kessler RC, Adler L, Ames M, et al. The World Health Organization Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS): a short screening scale for use in the general population. Psychol Med. 2005;35(2):245-256. doi:10.1017/S0033291704002892

FARAONE S v, SERGEANT J, GILLBERG C, BIEDERMAN J. The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: is it an American condition? World Psychiatry. 2003;2(2):104. Accessed October 14, 2022. /pmc/articles/PMC1525089/

Alzaben FN, Sehlo MG, Alghamdi WA, et al. Prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and comorbid psychiatric and behavioral problems among primary school students in western Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J. 2018;39(1):52-58. doi:10.15537/SMJ.2018.1.21288

College students with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: An overview and description of services. - PsycNET. Accessed October 14, 2022. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1994-47126-001

Reaser A, Prevatt F, Petscher Y, Proctor B. The learning and study strategies of college students with ADHD. Psychol Sch. 2007;44(6):627-638. doi:10.1002/PITS.20252

Torgersen T, Gjervan B, Rasmussen K. ADHD in adults: a study of clinical characteristics, impairment and comorbidity. Nord J Psychiatry. 2006;60(1):38-43. doi:10.1080/08039480500520665

Mannuzza S, Klein RG, Bessler A, Malloy P, LaPadula M. Adult outcome of hyperactive boys. Educational achievement, occupational rank, and psychiatric status. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1993;50(7):565-576. doi:10.1001/ARCHPSYC.1993.01820190067007

Sobanski E, Brüggemann D, Alm B, et al. Psychiatric comorbidity and functional impairment in a clinically referred sample of adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2007;257(7):371-377. doi:10.1007/S00406-007-0712-8

Hawi NS, Samaha M, Griffiths MD. Internet gaming disorder in Lebanon: Relationships with age, sleep habits, and academic achievement. J Behav Addict. 2018;7(1):70-78. doi:10.1556/2006.7.2018.16

Rehbein F, Kliem S, Baier D, Mößle T, Petry NM. Prevalence of internet gaming disorder in German adolescents: Diagnostic contribution of the nine DSM-5 criteria in a state-wide representative sample. Addiction. 2015;110(5):842-851. doi:10.1111/ADD.12849

Wu AMS, Chen JH, Tong KK, Yu S, Lau JTF. Prevalence and associated factors of Internet gaming disorder among community dwelling adults in Macao, China. J Behav Addict. 2018;7(1):62. doi:10.1556/2006.7.2018.12

Sanders JL, Williams RJ. Reliability and Validity of the Behavioral Addiction Measure for Video Gaming. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2016;19(1):43-48. doi:10.1089/CYBER.2015.0390

Dong G, Wang L, Du X, Potenza MN. Gender-related differences in neural responses to gaming cues before and after gaming: implications for gender-specific vulnerabilities to Internet gaming disorder. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2018;13(11):1203-1214. doi:10.1093/SCAN/NSY084

The gender difference on Internet addictive among adolescent: The mediation effect of the differentiation of social and psychological situation in school. - PsycNET. Accessed October 14, 2022. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2016-18268-020

Ha YM, Hwang WJ. Gender Differences in Internet Addiction Associated with Psychological Health Indicators Among Adolescents Using a National Web-based Survey. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2014;12(5):660-669. doi:10.1007/S11469-014-9500-7/TABLES/3

Samaha M, Hawi N. Internet Gaming Disorder and Its Relationships With Student Engagement and Academic Performance. https://services.igi-global.com/resolvedoi/resolve.aspx?doi=104018/IJCBPL2020100102. 1AD;10(4):14-33. doi:10.4018/IJCBPL.2020100102

Dullur P, Krishnan V, Diaz AM. A systematic review on the intersection of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and gaming disorder. J Psychiatr Res. 2021;133:212-222. doi:10.1016/J.JPSYCHIRES.2020.12.026

McKay KE, Halperin JM. ADHD, aggression, and antisocial behavior across the lifespan. Interactions with neurochemical and cognitive function. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2001;931:84-96. doi:10.1111/J.1749-6632.2001.TB05774.X

Pathological video-gaming among Singaporean youth - PubMed. Accessed October 17, 2022. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21165520/

Lee J, Bae S, Kim BN, Han DH. Impact of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder comorbidity on longitudinal course in Internet gaming disorder: a 3-year clinical cohort study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2021;62(9):1110-1119. doi:10.1111/JCPP.13380

التنزيلات

منشور

2025-11-01

كيفية الاقتباس

Kaffaf, A., Attarri, A., Abdulelah, H., Barakat, T., & Omar, Y. (2025). The Prevalence of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Internet Gaming Disorder and Their Association Among Adults in Jordan: A Cross-Sectional Study. المجلة الطبية الأردنية, 59(5). https://doi.org/10.35516/jmj.v59i5.1769

إصدار

القسم

Articles