Jordan Journal for History and Archaeology

The End of the Eighteenth Dynasty and its Historical Problems in the Light of Archaeological Sources (circa 1353 - 1319 B.C.)

Waheid M. Shoaib, Ali S. Naser , Mohamed M. Idris — Fri, 31 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0100

This study deals with the historical problems at the end of the Eighteenth Dynasty based on archaeological sources. The most important of these historical problems were the disappearance of Queen Nefertiti in official records, the rise and fall of secondary queen Kiya, the parentage of King Tutankhamun and his sudden death, and the Dakhamunzu episode mentioned in the Hittite annals. The study also addresses the archaeological misinterpretations that led to a wrong historical conclusion about these problems, including the elevation of princess Meritaten or secondary wife Kiya at the expense of Nefertiti, an existing coregency at the end of Akhenaten's reign and the death of Tutankhamun under mysterious circumstances. It also discussed many different opinions and hypotheses about these problems, as well as archaeological information from Amarna, Hermopolis, and Thebes, in addition to the recent medical examinations that contributed to uncovering many of its mysteries. Among the most important of these recent medical examinations is the attribution of the mummy discovered in Theban tomb 55 to King Akhenaten, and the absence of evidence of a conspiracy in Tutankhamun’s mummy. In addition, Akhenaten is the biological father of King Tutankhamun.

One of the Symbols of Colonialism Resistance in Lakssiba Region, Morocco. "Moha Ou Said Lwerrawi" as a Case Study

Mohammed Amraoui, Mohamed El Amrani — Fri, 31 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0100

This research presents the biography of Mouha Saïd El Weraoui (1856-1924) as a model of Moroccan tribal leaders who adapted to the major developments experienced by Moroccan society at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. Mouha Saïd emerged as a tribal leader who governed the Ait Wera tribe according to customs, but this phase did not last long; as the Makhzen armies soon reached his tribal territory, and he had to choose between obeying the Moroccan Sultan Hassan I or confronting his advancing armies toward the Middle Atlas Mountains in 1886. El Weraoui chose the first option and was appointed by the Moroccan Sultan as the leader of the Ait Isri federation. The third phase of Mouha Saïd’s life began in 1907 after the French colonial incursion into Casablanca, when he declared jihad, began mobilizing the tribes, and resisted colonization until his death in 1924. One of the main conclusions of this study is the role of the environment in which Mouha Saïd grew up in shaping his personality and forming his stances on the issues facing him.

The Foundation of Cirta (Modern-Day Constantine in Algeria) as the Capital of the Numedian Kingdom (205-46 BC)

Khaldia Madhoui — Fri, 31 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0100

Since the mid-19th century up to the present, many researchers have tried to determine the history of the founding of the city of Cirta (present-day Constantine in Algeria), investigating the origin of its establishment and naming. Opinions have been divided between those who favor a Phoenician-Carthaginian origin and those who support a local origin. However, the French archaeologist A. Berthier, relying on the results of his archaeological excavations in the city between 1950 and 1960, has provided a thorough and careful study of that material evidence, even though we disagree with him concerning the conclusions he reached. Through this study, we aim to address this issue, critique the evidence of these two opposing views, and attempt to present new proposals, relying on archaeological excavation reports and the information provided by literary texts, while trying to correlate the content of this material with the material data.

The Influence of Ka‘b al-Ahbar on Islamic Political Thought from 15 AH/637 AD until 34 AH/655 AD

Mohammad Faris Jaradat, Amer Ahmad Qobbaj — Fri, 31 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0100

The influence of Ka‘b al-Ahbar (d. 34 AH/655 AD) began to appear in Islamic political thought after he settled in ash-Shām, through the circulation of his Jewish mythological narratives. Some of them had an echo in political thought, especially when Ka‘b made the sultan the shadow of God on earth, although they appeared in a doctrinal character, given Ka‘b’s personality before his conversion to Islam as a Jewish cleric, working as a special advisor to the governor. The warnings of Caliph Omar bin Al-Khattab (13-23 AH/635-645 AD) had limited his impetus, which prevented him from further identifying with his Jewish culture. However, during the reign of Caliph Othman bin Affan (23-35 AH/645-656 AD), he succeeded in establishing relationships, some of which had a political nature. This aroused the resentment of some of the senior Companions, which forced Kaab to migrate to ash-Shām, where he became active in spreading his Jewish narratives, which carried a political connotation, related to the political system as an absolute monarchy. He left an intellectual imprint that contributed to the crystallization of the political line that characterized Umayyad rule (41-132 AH/662-750 AD), where the influence of his narratives on Islamic political intellectual theory was evident among many scholars and thinkers who adopted this theory and worked to establish it, indirectly, in the context of the deterministic political doctrine, which called for voluntary submission to the sultan, the holder of power and tribal loyalty.

Birzeit Municipality: Its Origin and Development during Jordanian Rule 1963-1967AD : Municipal Council Records as a Source

Ahmad Hamed Ibraheem ALQudah — Fri, 31 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0100

The main aim of this research is to present a comprehensive study of the municipality of Birzeit, which was established in 1963 AD, based on its records during the study period. The research delved the establishment of the municipality, its borders, its headquarters, the meetings of the municipal council, its employees, the structural organization of the city of Birzeit in 1962 AD and 1965 AD, the impacts on the development of the city and the residents’ attitudes towards it. The research also discussed the role of the municipality in providing basic services to citizens, such as opening the streets and supplying electricity and water to the city, maintaining its cleanliness, and supporting education system in the city. Additionally, the research presented the economic situation, by talking about its annual budget and its revenues from fees and taxes. The research concluded that the laws and regulations issued by the Jordanian government, such as the Municipalities Law in 1955 AD and the structural organization of the city of Birzeit during the years 1962 AD and 1965 AD, contributed to organizing and advancing the work of the Birzeit Municipality. The city witnessed an architectural renaissance, accompanied by supplying the basic services to citizens, such as water and electricity. Members of Christian families in Birzeit also administered the presidency of the city’s municipal council during the study period. The municipal council’s records are an important source that documented the developments that the city of Birzeit witnessed through the decisions taken by the municipal council.

Ancient waters installations in the land area of YaḥṢb archeological remains Dam Al-Raqud a model

Maher Abdullah Dabwan Al-Wajih — Fri, 31 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0100

The research deals with one of the most important archaeological dams built by the Himayris in a relatively high mountainous area located close to the fertile agricultural bottom, which is currently known as the bottom of the field (Qaa- al-Hqal). This dam has remained an unidentified period of time, and many people are unknown after the use of the use of it as a result of the transformation of the storage lake into an agricultural field filled with fertile grazing soil, which is still being swept away by torrents with its annual flow in the seasons of heavy rains.

The field study showed that this dam was playing a dual functional role (dual -function); It is a temporary storage of torrential water by reserving it behind the dam's body until the time of need. This dam was designed so that it can redirect the surplus from the storage lake directly to the agricultural fields under the dam. Here, for the first time, an archaeological dam was recognized in the first place with the purpose of quarrels in agricultural terraces built on a mountain foot that overlooks the valley of Wadi Di Ḥaryim, one of the tributaries of Wadi Banna.

The Characteristics and Features of Epigraphic Inscriptions of Waqfs in Algeria. A Study of a Sample

Abdelfatah BENDJEDOU — Fri, 31 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0100

This research paper studies a set of epigraphic inscriptions of Waqfs in Algeria. The aim is to extract the most important aspects and characteristics of these epigraphic inscriptions, including their formal and artistic aspect, such as the materials on which they was written, types of fonts and methods of implementation. The study also focuses on the content of these inscriptions, examining aspects like language, terminology and other valuable data they provide to historians and archaeologists, such as place names, religious establishments, some economic activities and types of coins and their values. These aims are achieved by reviewing a sample of nine inscriptions, categorized as movable and immovable monuments. Some of these inscriptions are still in their original places, while others are part of museum collections. Their dates range from the end of the seventh century to the beginning of the thirteenth century AH.

The Great Cultural Transformation in the Life of the 3rd Millennium BC Societies in the Omani Peninsula: The North Al Batinah Plain as a Case Study

Khaled Ahmed Douglas, Nasser Said Al-Jahwari — Fri, 31 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0100

Recent archaeological discoveries in the Northern al-Batinah Governorate of Oman indicate that the region played a vital and important role during the Early Bronze Age (3200-2000 BC), represented by the presence of very large numbers of Hafit tombs (3200-2700 BC) that spread over a wide area of Northern al-Batinah Governorate. These tombs are followed by permanent settlements dating back to the Umm an-Nar culture (2700-2000 BC), in which archaeological excavations revealed the existence of an advanced culture whose economy depended on agriculture, copper mining and international trade, especially with the Harrapan civilization in the Indus Valley.