صورة السلطان عبد الحميد الثاني في المراجع العربيَّة (دراسة في سياسته تجاه المسألة الدستوريَّة والقضيَّة الفلسطينيَّة 1876-1909م)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35516/jjha.v17i2.1345الكلمات المفتاحية:
موقف المراجع العربية، السلطان عبد الحميد، المسألة الدستورية، الحركة الصهيونية، القضية الفلسطينيةالملخص
يهدف هذا البحث إلى تسليط الضَّوء على موقف المراجع العربية من سياسة السلطان عبد الحميد الثاني فيما يتعلق بالمسألة الدستورية والقضية الفلسطينية. وعليه، فقد جرى اختيار نماذج محددة من المراجع العربية باعتبارها تعكس وجهات نظر مختلفة في مواقف السلطان عبد الحميد الثاني، وأهم قضايا عصره، مثل مواقفه: من المسألة الدستورية، ومن القضية الفلسطينية، وأهم التحديات التي واجهها. وقد اعتمد البحث على المنهج التاريخي الوصفي التحليلي القائم على جمع المادة العلمية التاريخية من مصادرها الأصيلة، ثم تحليلها وتوظيفها في صياغة الأحداث التاريخية، وكذلك توثيقها بأسلوب تاريخي منهجي.
المراجع
Abu Mīzar, Manāl Mājid (2017); Two pivotal years in the rule of the ‘Ottoman Empire. Unpublished MA. Thesis, Birzeit University, College of Graduate Studies, Palestine.
Anṭūnyūs, Diyānā (2015/2016); A Political Study of the Conditions of Jerusalem (1831-1914 AD). Unpublished PhD. Thesis, Damascus University, Syria.
Armstrong, H.S. (1952); The Dusty Wolf, Muṣṭafā Kamāl, Cairo: Dār al-Hilāl.
‘Abd al-Raḥmān, As‘ad (1981); “The World Zionist Organization, The Era of Hertzl and Weizmann (1897-1946 CE)”. Arab Affairs Magazine, Jami‘at al-Duwal al-‘Arabiyah, No. 1, pp. 202-210.
‘Abd al-Wāḥid, Maḥmūd and ‘Adnān, Muwāhib (2011); “Sulṭān ‘Abd al-Ḥamīd II’s Position on the Zionist Movement”. Tikrit University Journal of Science, Iraq, Vol. 18, No. 8 Pp. 172-195.
‘Alī, ‘Orkhān Moḥammad (2008); Sulṭān ‘Abd al-Ḥamīd II, his life and the events of his time, Isṭanbul: al-Muhtadīn Islamic Library, Buyuk Camelce, 4th ed.
al-‘Arīḍ, Walīd and al-‘Umarī, ‘Umar (2019); “The Measures of the Ottoman Empire to Prevent the Zionist Infiltration of the Mutasarrifat of Jerusalem during the Reign of Sulṭān ‘Abd al- Ḥamīd II (1876-1909AD)”. Journal of the Union of Arab Universities for Literature, vol. 16, No. 1, Pp 03-124.
‘Aṭīyā, Muḥammad (2020); “Sulṭān ‘Abd al-Ḥamīd and the period of his rule between Truth and Slander”. Journal of Humanities and Applied Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences، University of Marqab, Libya, Issue 9, pp. 23-45.
‘Awad, ‘Abd al-‘Azīz (1969); The ‘Ottoman Administration in the State of Syria (1864-1914 AD), Cairo: Dār al-Ma‘ārif.
‘Awaḍ, ‘Abd al-‘Azīz (1974); “The Rise of Zionist Settlement in Palestine (1831-1914 AD)”.The Egyptian Historical Journal, The Egyptian Historical Society, vol. 21, pp. 253-284.
‘Aylām,Yighāl (2006); A Thousand Jews in Modern History,‘Adnān Abu ‘Āmir trans., Damascus: Palestine Foundation for Culture.
Badawī, ‘Abd el-Raḥmān (1993); Encyclopedia of Orientalists, Beirut: Dār al-‘Ilm lil-Malāyīn, 3rd ed.
Berro, Tawfīq ‘Alī (1960); The Arabs and the Turks in the Ottoman Constitutional Era 1908-1914 AD, Cairo: Dār al-Hanā lil-Ṭibā‘ah.
al-Būstānī, Sulaymān (1908); An Example and a Memory, or the Ottoman Empire before and after the Constitution, Cairo: al-Aḫbār Press.
Farīd Bek Muḥammad (1981); History of the Ottoman Supreme State, Ihsān Ḥaqqī, Beirut: Dar al-Nafa’is.
al-Ghāmidī, Sa‘īd (1989); “The Position of Sulṭān ‘Abd al-Ḥamīd II towards the Jews in Palestine”. Journal of Imam Mohammad ibn Saud Islamic University, no. 2, pp. 297-333.
Ḥarb, Muḥammad (1990a); Sultan ‘Abd al-Hamid II, the last of the great Ottoman Sultans, Damascus: Dār al-Qalam.
Ḥarb, Muḥammad (1991b); Memoirs of Sulṭān ‘Abd al-Ḥamīd, Damascus: Dār al-Qalam, 3rd ed.
Ḥallāq, Ḥassān (1978); Th Position of the Ottoman State on the Zionist Movement 1897-1909 CE, Beirut: Beirut Arab University.
Ḥarrāz, Rajab (1970); The Ottoman Empire and the Arabian Peninsula 1840-1909 AD, Cairo: Institute of Arab Research and Studies.
al-Ḥawt, Bayān Nuwayhiḍ (1991); Palestine: The Case, the People, the Civilization, Beirut: Dār al-Istiqlāl for Studies and Publishing.
al-‘Īsā, Muḥammad ‘Abd Allāh (1993); “Hertzl’s Zionism Idea between Theory and Practice (1894-1904 AD)”. Journal of Jordan University Studies, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 30-55.
al-Kharāshī, Sulaymān (1999); How the Ottoman Empire Fell, Riyadh: Dār al-Qāsim lil-Nashr wa-al-Tawzī‘.
Kawtharānī, Wajīh (1988); Authority, Society and Political Action from the History of the Ottoman State in the Levant, Beirut: Center for Arab Unity Studies.
Maḥāfẓah, ‘Alī (1981); German-Palestinian Relations (1841-1945 AD), Beirut: The Arab Foundation for Studies and Publishing.
Mahānī, ‘Alī Akram (2010); British-Zionist Relations in Palestine (1918-1936 AD)، unpublished MA. thesis, The Islamic University, Gaza, Palestine.
Maḥmūd, Amīn (1978); “Western Colonial Expansion and the Idea of the Jewish State (1798-1917 AD)”. Dirāsāt. Jordan University, vol. 5,،no.1, pp.19-45.
Mantran, Robert (1992); History of the Ottoman Empire, Bashīr Sibā‘ī, trans., vol.1, Cairo: Dār al-Fikr lil-Dirasāt wa-al-Nashir wa-al-Tawzī ‘, 1st ed.
Muṣṭafā, Aḥmad ‘Abd al-Raḥīm (1986); On the Origins of Ottoman History, Beirut: Dār al-Shurūq, 2nd ed.
al-Natsheh, Rafīq Shākir (1991); Sulṭān ‘Abd al-Ḥamīd II and Palestine, the Sulṭān who lost his throne for Palestine, Beirut: The Arab Foundation for Studies and Publishing, 3rd ed.
al-Nu‘aymī, Aḥmad Nūrī (1997); The Jews and the Ottoman Empire, Beirut: al-Risālah Foundation.
Oghlī, ‘Ā’ishah ‘Othmān (1991); My Father Sultan ‘Abd al-Hamid II in the Memoirs of Princess ‘Ā’ishah ‘Othmān Oghlī, ‘Amman: Dār al-Bashīr lil-Nashir wa-al-Tawzī‘.
Ramsour, Ernst (1960); The Young Turks. Prelude to the Revolution of 1908 AD, Şāliḥ Aḥmad al-‘Alī trans., Nīqūlā Ziyādah revised, Beirut-New York: Franklin Foundation,1st ed.
Razzūk, Asʿad (1968); Greater Israel, A Study in Zionist Expansionist Thought, Palestine Liberation Organization, Beirut: Research Center, 1st ed.
Shamālī, Elhām (2018); “Jewish settlement activity in Palestine before 1901 AD” Journal of Scientific Research in Arts, ‘Ain Šams University, No. 19, Part 5, pp. 437-458.
al-Sharīf, Du‘ā’ (2016); The Torah Proves that Palestine is an Arab Land, Beirut: Dār al-Furāt for Publishing and Distribution.
al-Shalaq, Aḥmad Zakariyā (2002); The Arabs and the Ottoman State from Submission to Confrontation (1516-1916 AD), Cairo: al-Dār al-‘Arabiyah lil-Našir.
al-Shannāwī, ‘Abd al-‘Azīz Muḥammad (2005); The Ottoman Empire is a Slandered Islamic State, vol. 3, vol. 4, Cairo: Anglo-Egyptian Library.
al-Şāigh, Anīs (1968); The Diaries of Hertzl, Hildā Sha‘bān al-Şāigh trans., Beirut: Markaz al-Abḥāth Munaẓamat al-Taḥrīr al-Falasṭinīyah.
Şāliḥ, Jihād (1987); Turkish Turanism between Fundamentalism and Fascism, Beirut: Dār al-Şadaqah for Printing and Publishing.
Yāghī, Ismā‘īl (1996); The Ottoman Empire in Modern Islamic History, Riyadh: ‘Obeikān Library, 1st ed.
Website of the village of Masmiya in Palestine: www.elmasmiya.blogspot.com
Website of the Arab Center for Research and Policy Studies: www.dohainstitute.org
Website of the Arabic Encyclopedia: www.arab-ency.com.sy
Website: www.ektab.com
Website: www.marefa.org
