Antibacterial and Antioxidant Potential of Ziziphus jujube, Fagonia Arabica, Mallotus phillipensis and Hemidesmus Indicus
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35516/jjps.v15i3.417Keywords:
Phytochemical Analysis, Antibacterial Activity, Thin Layer Chromatography, Bacterial Efflux pump inhibition activity, Gas chromatography mass spectrometryAbstract
Phytochemicals present in plants are a major source of imparting different medicinal properties to the plant. Four medicinal plants, i.e., Ziziphus jujube Mill., Fagonia arabica L., Mallotus phillipensis (Lam.) Müll.-Arg. and Hemidesmus indicus (L.) Schult were evaluated for their antibacterial and antioxidant potentials. Chemical analysis of ethanol and ethyl acetate extract of these plants revealed the presence of various phytochemicals in them. Antibacterial activity of extracts was measured against a Bacillus and a Pseudomonas spp. Among all of the extracts, M. phillipensis ethyl acetate extract gave maximum zone of inhibition (14mm) against Bacillus spp. Minimum inhibitory concentration of M. phillipensis ethyl acetate extract was 62.5mg/L. M. phillipensis extract was found to exhibit the maximum bacterial efflux pump inhibition potential (155%). Due to these antibacterial properties, twelve components of M. phillipensis were separated by TLC. Out of these 12, the component showing antibacterial potential was subjected to GCMS analysis which indicated that phthalic acid was the bioactive component responsible for this activity. Antioxidant potential of all extracts was also estimated by various assays where M. phillipensis had maximum potential among all. In conclusion, M. phillipensis extract had maximum antibacterial and antioxidant potential. The bioactive components isolated from this plant can further be used in pharmaceutical industries.
References
Abu-Rabia A., Urinary diseases and ethnobotany among pastoral nomads in the Middle East. J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed. 2005; 1(1): 4.
Castetter E.F., The domain of ethnobiology. Am. Nat. 1944; 78(775): 158-170.
Shinwari Z.K. and Qaiser M., Efforts on conservation and sustainable use of medicinal plants of Pakistan. Pak. J. Bot. 2011; 43(1): 5-10.
Ghasemzadeh A. and Ghasemzadeh N., Flavonoids and phenolic acids: Role and biochemical activity in plants and human. J. Med. Plants Res. 2011; 5(31): 6697-6703.
Reymond P., et al., Differential gene expression in response to mechanical wounding and insect feeding in Arabidopsis. The Plant Cell. 2000; 12(5): 707-719.
Zengin G., et al., Antioxidant properties of methanolic extract and fatty acid composition of Centaurea urvillei DC. subsp. hayekiana Wagenitz. Rec. Nat. Prod. 2011; 5(2): 123.
Stankovic M.S., Total phenolic content, flavonoid concentration and antioxidant activity of Marrubium peregrinum L. extracts. Kragujevac J. Sci. 2011; 33(2011): 63-72.
Nunes P.X., et al., Biological oxidations and antioxidant activity of natural products, Phytochemicals as nutraceuticals - Global Approaches to Their Role in Nutrition and Health. 2012.
San B. and Yildirim A.N., Phenolic, alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene and fatty acid composition of four promising jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Miller) selections. J. Food Compost. Anal. 2010; 23(7): 706-710.
Scartezzini P. and Speroni E., Review on some plants of Indian traditional medicine with antioxidant activity. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2000; 71(1): 23-43.
Qureshi H., et al., Chemical composition and medicinal significance of Fagonia cretica: a review. Nat. Prod. Res. 2016; 30(6): 625-639.
Khalid S., Ahmad T., and Shad R., Use of allelopathy in agriculture. Asian J. Plant Sci. 2002; 1(3): 292-297.
Baral S.R. and Kurmi P. P., A compendium of medicinal plants in Nepal. 2006, Kathmandu: Rachana Sharma.
Zaidi S.F.H., et al., Potent bactericidal constituents from Mallotus philippensis against Clarithromycin and Metronidazole resistant strains of Japanese and Pakistani Helicobacter pylori. Bio. Pharma. Bull. 2009; 32.
Mehta A., et al., Anti–arthritis activity of roots of Hemidesmus indicus R. Br.(Anantmul) in rats. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med. 2012; 5(2): 130-135.
Austin A. and Herbals R., A review on Indian sarsaparilla, Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. J. Biol. Sci. 2008; 8(1): 1-12.
Boroom N. and Grouh M.S.H., Macroelements nutrition (NPK) of medicinal plants: A review. J. Med. Plants Res. 2012; 6(12): 2249-2255.
Argolo A., Sant'Ana A., Pletsch M., and Coelho L., Antioxidant activity of leaf extracts from Bauhinia monandra. Biores Technol. 2004; 95:229-233
Al-Hussaini R., and Mahasneh A. M., Antibacterial and antifungal activity of ethanol extract of different parts of medicinal plants in Jordan. Jordan J Pharm Sci. 2011; 4(1), 57-69.
Fazali F., Zulkhairi A., Nurhaizan M., Kamal N., Zamree M., and Shahidan M., Phytochemical screening, in vitro and in vivo antioxidant activities of aqueous extract of Anacardium occidentale Linn. and its effects on endogenous antioxidant enzymes in hypercholesterolemic induced rabbits. Res J Biol Sci. 2011; 6:69-74.
Agbafor K. and Nwachukwu N., Phytochemical analysis and antioxidant property of leaf extracts of Vitex doniana and Mucuna pruriens. Biochem. Res. Int. 2011; 2011.
Pourmorad F., Hosseinimehr S., and Shahabimajd N., Antioxidant activity, phenol and flavonoid contents of some selected Iranian medicinal plants. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 2006; 5(11).
Kaur C. and Kapoor H.C., Anti‐oxidant activity and total phenolic content of some Asian vegetables. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. 2002; 37(2): 153-161.
Haque Z., et al., Medicinal effect of kameela and amraze jildiya (skin diseases) described in unani system of medicine and current research-an overview. Int. J. Pharmacogn. 2015; 2(9): 437-439
Marwah R.G., et al., Antioxidant capacity of some edible and wound healing plants in Oman. Food Chem. 2007; 101(2): 465-470.
Dudonné S., et al., Comparative study of antioxidant properties and total phenolic content of 30 plant extracts of industrial interest using DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, SOD, and ORAC assays. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2009; 57(5): 1768-1774.
Ramamoorthy P.K. and Bono A., Antioxidant activity, total phenolic and flavonoid content of Morinda citrifolia fruit extracts from various extraction processes. J. Eng. Sci. Technol. 2007; 2(1): 70-80.
Klančnik A., et al., Evaluation of diffusion and dilution methods to determine the antibacterial activity of plant extracts. J. Microbiol. Methods. 2010; 81(2): 121-126.
Lou Z., et al., Assessment of antibacterial activity of fractions from burdock leaf against food-related bacteria. Food Control. 2010; 21(9): 1272-1278.
Rodríguez-Pérez M., et al., Evaluación de la actividad antimalárica de algunas plantas utilizadas en la medicina tradicional cubana. Rev. de Ciênc. Farm. Básica e Apl. 2009; 27(3): 197-205.
Wu J.Y., Zhang Q.X., and Leung P.H., Inhibitory effects of ethyl acetate extract of Cordyceps sinensis mycelium on various cancer cells in culture and B16 melanoma in C57BL/6 mice. Phytomedicine. 2007; 14.
Al-Bayati F.A., Synergistic antibacterial activity between Thymus vulgaris and Pimpinella anisum essential oils and methanol extracts. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2008; 116(3): 403-406.
Henie E., Zaiton H., and Suhaila M., Bacterial membrane disruption in food pathogens by Psidium guajava leaf extracts. Int. Food Res. J. 2009; 16: 297-311.
Chavan U. and R. Amarowicz, Effect of various solvent systems on extraction of phenolics, tannins and sugars from beach pea (Lathyrus maritimus L.). Int. Food Res. J. 2013; 20(3): 1139-1144.
Laskar S., Sinhababu A., and Hazra K.M., A modified spray reagent for the detection of amino acids on thin layer chromatography plates. Amino Acids. 2001; 21(2): 201-204.
Khan M., et al., Hexane soluble extract of Mallotus philippensis(Lam.) Muell. Arg. root possesses anti-leukaemic activity. Chem. Central J. 2013; 7(1): 157.
Kavit M., Patel B., and Jain B., Phytochemical analysis of leaf extract of Phyllanthus fraternus. Res. J. Recent Sci. ISSN. 2013; 2: 12-15.
Ugochukwu S.C., Arukwe I., Uche, and Ifeanyi O., Preliminary phytochemical screening of different solvent extracts of stem bark and roots of Dennetia tripetala G. Baker. Asian J. Plant Sci. Res. 2013; 3(3): 10-13.
Wadood A., et al., Phytochemical analysis of medicinal plants occurring in local area of Mardan. Biochem. Anal. Biochem. 2013; 2(144).
Maurya S., Kushwaha A. K., Singh S., and Singh G. An overview on antioxidative potential of honey from different flora and geographical origins. Ind J. Nat. Prod. Res. 2014; 5(1):9-19.
Ahmed D., Khan M.M., and Saeed R., Comparative analysis of phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidant and antibacterial potential of methanolic, hexanic and aqueous extracts from Adiantum caudatum leaves. Antioxidants. 2015; 4(2): 394-409.
Jan S., et al., Assessment of Antioxidant Potential, Total Phenolics and Flavonoids of Different Solvent Fractions of Monotheca Buxifolia Fruit. Osong Public Health Res. Perspect. 2013; 4(5): 246-254.
Dilshad R., Batool R., and Jamil N., Phytochemical screening and antibacterial potential of Artemisia absinthium L., Swertia chirayita and Sphaeranthus indicus. Pak. J. Pharm. Sci. 2018;31: 499-507.
Van Bambeke, F., Balzi E., and Tulkens P.M., Antibiotic efflux pumps. Biochem. Pharmacol. 2000; 60(4): 457-470.
Sewanu S.O., et al., Antimicrobial and efflux pumps inhibitory activities of Eucalyptus grandis essential oil against respiratory tract infectious bacteria. J. Med. Plants Res. 2015; 9(10): 343-348.
Valgas C., et al., Screening methods to determine antibacterial activity of natural products. Braz. J. Microbiol. 2007; 38(2): 369-380.
Ani H. A., Kadi K. A., Al Obaidi E. D., Shalan N., and Rawi N. A., Investigation of the Alkaloids of Two Ephedra Spp. Wildly Grown in Iraq. Jordan J Pharm Sci. 2014; 7(3).
Sangeetha S., et al., Evaluation of antioxidant activity of the antimicrobial fraction from Sphaeranthus indicus. Int. J. Appl. Biol. Pharm. Technol. 2010; 1(2): 431-436.
