أبو شامة مؤرِّخًا للحروب الصليبيَّة
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35516/jjha.v17i3.1814الكلمات المفتاحية:
أبو شامة، الصليبيون، بلاد الشام، مصر، نور الدين، صلاح الدين.الملخص
تناولت الدراسة حياتَيْ أبي شامة الشَّخصيَّة والعلميَّة، ودور والده في تحصيله العلمي وأوضحت مذهبه الفقهي، وعرَّف بأهم شيوخه وتلاميذه، وبيَّنت بُعدَهُ عن المناصب العُليا في الدولة وتَمسكّه بالمناصب التدريسيَّة. بدأ أبو شامة بتأريخ الحروب الصليبية من عام 491ه/1098م حتى عام 665ه/1267م، وهو العام الذي توفي فيه، وركَّزت الدراسة على منهجه في التأريخ للحروب الصليبية، وصورة الإفرنج منْ خلال النصوص التي أوردها، وذكر المصادر التي استمدَّ منها معلوماته عن الإفرنج والتعريف بها. وقد بيَّنت الدراسة غزارة المعلومات التي أوردها أبو شامة في ما يتعلق بالحروب الصليبية، ولإعطاء صورة واضحة ومكتملة عن مضمون هذه الروايات كان لا بُدَّ من إخضاعها للمنهج الكمي الذي يعمل على تجزئة المادة التاريخيَّة من خلال تنسيقها وتحليلها بما يُمَكِّنُ الدراسة من الوصول إلى نتائج دقيقة، ومطابقة للمعلومات التي ذكرتها المصادر التاريخية الأخرى، والوصول إلى صورة تبيِّنُ الظروف السياسيَّة للبلاد الإسلاميَّة، ونتائج الحملات التي شنَّها الإفرنج على بلاد المسلمين.
المراجع
Holy Qur’ān.
Abū al-Fidā’, ‘Imād al-Dīn ibn ‘Alī (d. 732/1432) (1997); al-Mukhtaṣar fī Akhbār al-Bashar, 4 vols., Cairo: al-Maṭba‘ah al-Ḥusaynīyah al-Maṣrīyah.
Abū Shāmah, Shihāb al-Dīn ʻAbd al-Raḥmān al-Maqdisī (d. 667/1267) (1991); ‘Uyūn al-Rawḍatayn fī Akhbār al-Dawlatayn al-Nūrīyah wa-al-Ṣalāḥīyah, Aḥmad al-Baysūmī ed., 2 vols., Damascus: Wizārat al-Thaqāfah, 2nd ed.
Abū Shāmah, Shihāb al-Dīn ʻAbd al-Raḥmān al-Maqdisī (d. 667/1267) (1997); al-Rawḍatayn fī Akhbār al-Dawlatayn al-Nūrīyah wa-al-Ṣalāḥīyah, Ibrāḥīm al-Zaybaq ed., 5 vols., Beirut: Mu’assasat al-Risālah.
Abū Shāmah, Shihāb al-Dīn ʻAbd al-Raḥmān al-Maqdisī (d. 667/1267) (2002); al-Dhayl ‘alā al-Rawḍatayn, Ibrāhīm Shams al-Dīn, ed., Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmīyah.
Amīn, Ḥusayn Aḥmad (1983); The Crusades in the Writings of Arab Historians, Cairo: Maktabat al-Nahḍah al-Miṣrīyah.
al-‘Arīnī, al-Sayyīd al-Bāz (1962); The Historians of the Crusades, Cairo: Dār al-Nahḍah al-‘Arabīyah.
al-‘Ubaydī, ‘Abd al-Raḥmān ibn Rāshid (2005); Abū Shāmah al-Maqdisī As a Historian: 599-665 H. Unpublished MA. thesis, Department of History and Civilization, College of Social Sciences, Imam Muḥammad ibn Sa‘ūd Islamic University, Riyadh.
Badran, ‘Abd al-Qādir ibn Muḥammad (1985); Drinking Companians of the Ruins and Evening Conversations of Imagination, Beirut: al-Maktab al-Islāmī, 2nd ed.
al-Baghdādī, Ismāʻīl ibn Muḥammad ibn Amīn (d. 1339/1921) (1955); Hadīyat al-ʻĀrifīn wa-Asmā’ al-Muʼallifīn wa-Athār al-Muṣannifīn, 2 vols, Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʼ al-Turāth al-ʻArabī.
al-Baqalī, Muḥammad Qandīl (1983); The Vocabulary in Ṣubḥ al-A‘shā, Cairo: al-Hay’ah al-Miṣrīyah al-‘Āmmah lil-Kitāb.
al-Dhahabī, Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad (d. 748/1347) (2003); Tārīkh al-Islām, Bashār ‘Awād ed., 17 vols., Beirut: Dār al-Risālah.
al-Dhahabī, Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad (d. 748/ 1347) (1984); Siyar A‘lām al-Nubalā’, Bashār ‘Awād and Muḥammad Hilāl eds., 29 vols., Beirut: Dār al-Risālah.
Ḥamzah, ‘Abd al-Laṭīf (1968); The Intellectual Movement in Egypt in the Ayyubid and First Mamluk Periods, Cairo: Dār al-Fikr al-‘Arabī.
Ibn al-Ābār, Abū ‘Abd Allāh Muḥammad ibn ‘Abd Allāh (d. 658/1260) (1963); al-Ḥullat al-Sirā’, Ḥusayn Mu’nis, ed., 2 vol., Cairo: Dār al-Maṣārif.
Ibn al-Athīr, ‘Alī ibn Muḥammad (d. 630/1232) (1990); al-Kāmil fī al-Tārīkh, Abū Ṣuhayb al-Karmī, ed., Riyadh: Bayt al-Afkār al-Dawlīyah.
Ibn al-‘Adīm, Kamāl al-Dīn ‘Umar (d. 662/1262) (1996); Zubdat al-Ḥalab fī Tārīkh Ḥalab, Khalīl Manṣūr, ed., Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʻIlmīyah.
Ibn al-‘Imād, Shihāb al-Dīn ‘Abd al-Ḥayī ibn Aḥmad (d. 1089/1678) (1991); Shadharāt al-Dhahab fī Akhbār Man Dhahab, ‘Abd al-Qādir al-Arna’ūṭ wa-Maḥmūd al-Arna’ūṭ, eds., 10 vols., Beirut: Dār Ibn Kathīr.
Ibn Ḥajar al-‘Asqalānī, Aḥmad ibn ‘Alī ibn Ḥajar Abū al-Faḍl (d. 852/1662) (2002); Lisān al-Mizān, ‘Abd al-Fattāḥ Abū Ghuddah, ed., Beirut: Maktab al-Maṭbu‘āt al-Islāmīyah, 10th ed.
Ibn Kathīr, Ismā‘īl ibn Kathīr al-Damashqī (d. 774/1372) (2004); al-Bidāyah wa-al-Nihāyah, 15 vols., Beirut: Dār al-Ma‘ārif, 7th ed.
Ibn Munqidh, Mu’ayyid al-Dawlah Usāmah ibn Munqidh Abū Muẓafar al-Kinānī (d. 584/1188) (1889); al-I‘tibār, Phillip Hitti, ed., Beirut: Maktabat al-Thaqāfah.
Ibn al-Nadīm, Muḥammad ibn Isḥāq (d. 385/995) (1971); al-Fihrist, Riḍā Tajadud, ed., Tehran.
Ibn al-Qalānsī, Abū Ya‘lī Ḥamzah (d. 555/1160) (1908); Dhayl Tārīkh Dimashq, Beirut: Maṭba‘at al-Abā’ al-Yasū‘īyin.
Ibn Shaddād, Bahā’ al-Dīn Abū al-Muḥāsin (d. 632/1234) (2015); al-Nawādir al-Sulṭānīyah wa-al-Maḥāsin al-Yūsufīyah, Amman: Mu’assasat Hindāwī lil-Ta‘līm wa-al-Thaqāfah.
Ibn al-Wardī, ‘Umar ibn Muẓaffar (d. 749/1348) (1996); Tārīkh Ibn al-Wardī, Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmīyah.
Ibrāhīm, Zakiyah Ḥasan and Ḥumūd, Falāḥ ‘Alī (2019); “The Jurisprudent, Transmitter of Hadith, and Historian of al-Shām, Abū Shāmah al-Maqdisī (d. 565 H./1266 A.D.) His Life and Writings”. Majallat Dirāsāt fī al-Tārīkh wa-al-Athār, no.70, pp. 79-101.
al-Kutbī Maḥmūd ibn Shakir (d. 764/1363) (1982); Fawāt al-Wafīyāt, Iḥsān ‘Abbās, ed., 5 vols., Beirut: Dār Ṣādir.
Madanī, Musṭafā Dassūnī (1966); Principals of Computation, Cairo: Dār al-Nahḍah al-Ḥadīthah, 2nd ed.
al-Mundharī, Zakī al-Dīn Abū Muḥammad (d. 636/1239) (1984); al-Takmilah lil-Wafīyāt al-Naqlah, Bashār ‘Awād ed., Beirut: Mu’assasat al-Risālah, 3rd ed.
al-Muzaynī, Ibrāhīm ibn Muḥammad (2016); Intellectual Life in the Time of Zengi, Riyadh: Maktabat al-Anwār.
al-Nu‘aymī, ‘Abd al-Qādir Muḥammad (d. 978/1571)(1990); al-Dāris fī al-Madāris, Ibrāhīm Shams al-Dīn, ed., 2 vols., Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmīyah.
Runciman, Stephen (1994); The History of the Crusades, Nūr al-Dīn Khalīl, trans., Cairo: al-Hay’ah al-Maṣrīyah lil-Kitāb, 3rd ed.
al-Ruwaydī, Maḥmūd Muḥammad Fāliḥ (2002); The Crusader Principality of Edessa, Amman: Wizārat al-Thaqāfah.
Sa‘dāwī, Naẓīr Ḥassan (1962); The Historians Contemporary to Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn al-Ayyūbī, Cairo: Maktabat al-Nahḍah.
Sibṭ Ibn al-Jawzī, Shams al-Dīn Abū al-Muẓaffar Yūsuf (d. 654/1256) (2013); Mirʼāt al-Zamān fī Tawarīkh al-Aʻyān, Muḥammad Barakāt, Kāmil Muḥammad al-Kharāṭ, ‘Ammār Rīḥāwī, Muḥammad Raḍwān ‘Irqsūsī, Anwar Ṭālib, Fādī al-Mughrabī, Ruẓwān Māmu, Muḥammad Mu‘taz Karīm al-Dīn, Zāhir Isḥāq, Muḥammad Anas and Ibrāhīm al-Zaybaq, eds., 23 vols., Damascus: al-Risālah al-ʻĀlamīyah.
al-Suyūṭī, ‘Abd al-Raḥmān ibn Abū Bakr Jalāl al-Dīn (d. 911/1502) (1964); Bughyat al-Wu‘āt fī Ṭabaqāt al-Lughawīyīn wal-Nuḥāh, Ibrāhīm Muḥammad Abū al-Fāḍil, ed., 2 vols., Cairo: Ittiḥād al-Jāmi‘āt al-Maṣrīyah.
Shandur, Albir (1988); Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn, the Purest Hero in Islam, Sa‘īd Abū al-Ḥasan, trans., Nadīm Mar‘ashlī, ed., Damascus: Markaz ‘Ayn lil-Dirāsāt.
al-Ṣafadī, Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn Khalīl ibn Aybak (d. 764/1363) (1974); al-Wāfī fī al-Wafīyat, Aḥmad Muḥammad and Muḥammad al-Shiblī, eds., Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner, 2nd ed.
al-Zaybaq, Ibrāhīm (2009); Abū Shāmah, the Historian of Damascus in the Period of the Ayyubids, Damascus: Mu’assasat al-Risālah.
