نهاية عصر الأسرة الثامنة عشرة وإشكالياتها التاريخيَّة في ضَوء المصادر الأثريَّة والفحوصات الطبيَّة (نحو 1353- 1319 ق.م)

المؤلفون

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.35516/jjha.v19i3.2275

الكلمات المفتاحية:

نفرتيتي، أخناتون، كيا، مريتآتون، توت عنخ آمون، عنخس إن آمون، العمارنة، دوخامنسو

الملخص

تناولت هذه الدراسة الإشكاليات التاريخية في نهاية الأسرة الثامنة عشرة وفقًا لمصادرها الأثرية، وتمثلت أهم تلك الأشكاليات في اختفاء الملكة نفرتيتي في السجلات الرسمية، وارتقاء وسقوط الملكة الثانوية كيا، ونسب الملك توت عنخ آمون ووفاته المباغتة، وحادثة الدوخامنسو المذكورة في المصادر الحيثية. وتطرقت الدراسة إلى التأويلات الأثرية الخاطئة التي قادت أصحابها من العلماء إلى استنتاجات تاريخية غير دقيقة نجمت عنها تلك الإشكاليات، وأبرز تلك التأويلات ارتقاء كل الأميرة مريتآتون والزوجة الثانوية كيا على حساب نفرتيتي، ووجود اشتراك في الحكم في نهاية حكم أخناتون ووفاة توت عنخ آمون في ظروف غير طبيعية. كما ناقشت الآراء والفرضيات العديدة والمتباينة حول تلك المشكلات، إضافة إلى مصادرها الأثرية المكتشفة في العمارنة والأشمونين وطيبة، علاوةً على الفحوصات الطبية الأخيرة التي ساهمت في إماطة اللثام عن الكثير من ألغازها.

المراجع

Adams, Barbara (1984); Egyptian Mummies, Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, Bucks, UK: Shire Publications.

Aldred, Cyril (1957); “Hair Styles and History”. Metopolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, vol. 15, Pp. 141-147.

Aldred, Cyril (1988); Akhenaten, King of Egypt; a new study, New York: McGraw-Hill.

Allen, James (1991); “Akhenaten’s ‘Mystery’ Coregent and Successor”. Amarna Letters I, Pp. 74-85.

Allen, James (2009); “The Amarna succession”. In Causing his name to live: Studies in Egyptian epigraphy and history in memory of William J. Murnane, Culture and History of the Ancient Near East 37, Peter Brand and Louise Cooper eds., Leiden: E.J. Brill, Pp. 9-20.

Assmann, Jan (2014); From Akhenaten to Moses: Ancient Egypt and Religious Change, Cairo/New York: American University in Cairo Press.

Barta, Winfried (1983); “Akencheres und die Wiwe des Niphiruria”. Göttinger Miszellen: Beiträge zur Ägyptologischen Diskussion (GM), vol. 62, Pp. 15-21.

Benson, Harer (2011); “New evidence for King Tutankhamen's death: his bizarre embalming”. The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology (JEA), vol. 97, issue 1, Pp. 228–233.

Breyer, Francis (2010a). “Egyptological Remarks Concerning Daḫamunzu”. Ägypten und Levante / Egypt and the Levant, vol. 20, Pp. 445–451.

Breyer, Francis (2010b); Ägypten und Anatolien. Politische, kulturelle und sprachliche Kontakte zwischen dem Niltal und Kleinasien im 2. Jahrtausend v. Chr, Wien: Verlag der österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.

Bryce, Trevor (1990); “The Death of Niphururiya and its Aftermath”. In: JEA, vol. 76, Pp. 97-105.

Černý, Jaroslav (1964); “Three Regnal Dates of the Eighteenth Dynasty”. JEA, vol. 50, Pp. 37-39.

Colledge, Sarah Louise (2015); The Process of Cursing in Ancient Egypt. Unpuplished PhD dissertation, University of Liverpool.

Da Silva, Luiza Osorio Guimarães (2016); “The Price of Gold and Loyalty: Parallels and Disparities in the Roles of Royal Women of the Late Bronze Age”. In: SEMNA – Estudos de Egiptologia III, Antonio Brancaglion Ju. and Cintia Gama-Rolland eds., Rio de Janeiro: Seshat– Laboratório de Egiptologia do Museu Nacional/Editora Klínē, Pp. 69–88.

Davies, Norman de Garis (1905); The Rock Tombs of El Amarna, vol. II, London: Egypt Exploration Fund.

Derry, Douglas (1927); “Appendix I: Report upon the Examination of Tut.Ankh.Amen’s Mummy”. In: The Tomb of Tut.ankh.Amen: Discovered by the Late Earl of Carnarvon and Howard Carter, vol. II, London, Pp. 143–161.

Dodson, Aidan (2009a); Amarna Sunset: Nefertiti, Tutankhamun, Ay, Horemheb, and the Egyptian Counter-Reformation, Cairo/New York, Cairo: American University in Cairo Press.

Dodson, Aidan (2009b); “Amarna Sunset: the late-Amarna succession revisited”. In: Beyond the Horizon, Studies in Egyptian Art, Archaeology and History in Honour of Barry J. Kemp, Salima Ikram and Aidan Dodson eds., Cairo, Pp. 29-43.

Dodson, Aidan and Hilton, Dyan (2004); The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt, Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press.

Eaton-Krauss, Marianne (1986); “Tutanchamun.” In: Lexikon der Ägyptologie, VI, Wiesbaden, cols. 812-816.

Eaton-Krauss, Marianne (1990); “Akhenaten versus Akhenaten”. BiOr, vol. 47, Pp. 541-559.

Eaton-Krauss, Marianne (2016); The Unknown Tutankhamun, London/New York: Bloomsbury Academic.

Edel, Elmar (1994); Die Ägyptisch-Hethitische-Korrespondenz aus Boghazköi in babylonischer und hethitischer Sprache: Umschriften und Übersetzungen, vol. I, Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag.

Eyma, Aayko and Bennett, Chris (2003); A Delta-Man in Yebu: Occasional Volume of the Egyptologists’ Electronic Forum no.1, California: Universal Publishers.

Fairman, Herbert Walter (1972); “Tutankhamun and the End of the 18th Dynasty”. In: Antiquity, vol. 46, issue 181, Pp. 15-18.

Federn, Walter (1960); “Daḫamunzu (= KBo V 6 III 8)”. Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 14, no. 1, P. 33.

Fletcher, Joann (2004); The Search for Nefertiti: the True Story of an Amazing Discovery, New York: William Morrow.

Forbes, Dennis (1992); “A New Hypothesis for Tutankhamen's Early Death”. KMT, vol. 3, no. 1, P. 61.

Forbes, Dennis; Ikram, Salima and Kamrin, Janice (2007); “Tutankhamen's Missing Ribs”. KMT, vol. 18, no. 1. Pp. 51-56.

Franke, Detlef (1986); “Verwandschaftsbezeichnungen”. LÄ, vol. VI, Wiesbaden.

Gabolde, Marc (2009); “Under a Deep Blue Starry Sky”. In: Causing His Name to Live: Studies in Egyptian Epigraphy and History in Memory of William J. Murnane, Culture and History of the Ancient Near East 37, Peter Brand and Louise Cooper, eds., Leiden: Brill, Pp. 109-121.

Gabolde, Marc (1998); D'Akhenaton à Toutânkhamon, Collection de l'Institut d'archéologie et d'histoire de l'Antiquité, Marc Gabolde ed., Lyon: Université Lyon II.

Gardiner, Alan Henderson (1905); The Inscription of Mes, A Contribution to the Study of Egyptian Judicial Procedure, Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs.

Gardiner, Alan Henderson (1928); “The Graffito from the Tomb of Pere”. JEA, vol. 14, no. 1-2, Pp. 10-11 and pls. 5–6.

Gautschy, Rita (2014); “A Reassessment of The Absolute Chronology of the Egyptian New Kingdom and Its ‘Brotherly’ Countries”. Ägypten und Levante/ Egypt and the Levant, vol. 24, Pp. 141–158.

Giles, Frederick J. (2001); The Amarna Age: Egypt. Australian Centre for Egyptology Studies 6, Warminster: Aris & Phillips.

Green, Lynda (1988); Queens and Princesses of the Amarna Period: The Social, Political, Religious and Cultic Role of the Women of the Royal Family at the End of the Eighteenth Dynasty. Unpublished PhD. diss., University of Toronto.

Green, Lynda (1999); “A lost Queen of Ancient Egypt, King's daughter, king's Great Wife, Ankhesenamun”. KMT, vol. 1, no. 4, Pp. 27-29.

Güterbock, Hans Gustav (1956a); “The Deeds of Suppiluliuma as told by his son, Mursilli II”. Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 10, no. 2, Pp. 41-68.

Güterbock, Hans Gustav (1956b); “The Deeds of Suppiluliuma as told by his son, Mursilli II”. Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 10, no. 3, Pp. 75-98.

Güterbock, Hans Gustav (1956) “The Deeds of Suppiluliuma as Told by His Son, Mursili II”. Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 10, no. 4, Pp. 107-130.

Hall, Henry Reginald Holland (1928); “Objects of Tutankhamun in the British Museum”. JEA, vol. 14, Pp. 74-77.

Harris, John (1974); “Kiya”. CdÉ, vol. 49, Pp. 25-30.

Harrison, Ronald and Abdalla, Ali (1972); “The Remains of Tutankhamun”. Antiquity, Vol. 46, no. 181, Pp. 8–14.

Hawass, Zahi (2004); The Golden Age of Tutankhamun, Cairo: AUC Press.

Hawass, Zahi; Gad, Yehia Z.; Ismail, Somaia; Khairat, Rabab; Fathalla, Dina; Hasan, Naglaa; Ahmed, Amal; Elleithy, Hisham; Ball, Markus; Gaballah, Fawzi; Wasef, Sally; Fateen, Mohamed; Amer, Hany; Gostner, Paul; Selim, Ashraf; Zink, Albert; Pusch, Carsten (2010); “Ancestry and pathology in King Tutankhamun's family”. Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 303, no. 7, Pp. 638–647.

Hawass, Zahi and Saleem, Sahar (2011); “Mummified Daughters of King Tutankhamun: Archeological and CT Studies”. American Journal of Roentgenology, vol. 197, Issue 5, W829-W836.

Hawass, Zahi and Saleem, Sahar (2016); Scanning the Pharaohs: CT Imaging of the New Kingdom Royal Mummies. Cairo/New York: AUC Press.

Hayes, William Christopher (1959); The Scepter of Egypt: A Background for the Study of the Egyptian Antiquities in The Metropolitan Museum of Art, The Hyksos Period and the New Kingdom (1675–1080 B.C.), Vol. 2, Cambridge: ‎ Harvard University Press.

Helck, Wolfgang (1969a); “Die Töchterheirat ägyptischer Könige”. In: CdÉ, vol. 44, Pp. 22-26.

Helck, Wolfgang (1969b); “Amarna Probleme”. In: CdÉ, vol. 44, Pp. 203-208.

Helck, Wolfgang (1980); “Kija”. In: LÄ III, Wiesbaden, cols. 422-424.

Helck, Wolfgang (1984); “Kijê”. MDAIK, vol. 40, Pp. 159-167.

Helck, Wolfgang (1994); “Die Männer hinter dem König und die Königswahl”. In: ZÄS,121, Pp. 36–51.

Hollis, Susan Tower (1990); The Ancient Egyptian “Tale of Brothers”: the Oldest Fairy Tale in the World, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.

Hornung, Erik (1964); Untersuchungen zur Chronologie und Geschichte des Neuen Reiches, Ägyptologische Abhandlungen, Vol. II, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.

Hornung, Erik (1995); Echnaton. Die Religion des Lichtes, Zurich: ‎ Patmos.

Johnson, Raymond, (1994); “Honorific Figures of Amenhotep III in The Luxor Temple Colonnade Hall”. In: For his Ka: Essays offered in Memory of Klaus Baer, SAOC 55, Silverman, David ed., Chicago, Pp. 133-144.

Klinger, Jörg (2006); “Chronological Links between the Cuneiform World of the Ancient Near East and Ancient Egypt”. In: Ancient Egyptian Chronology, chapter 13, Erik Hornung; Rolf Krauss and David Warburton eds., Leiden: Brill, Pp. 304-324.

Kloska, Maria (2016); “The Role of Nefertiti in the Religion and the Politics of the Amarna Period”. Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia, vol. 21, Pp. 149-175.

Krauss, Rolf (1978), Das Ende der Amarnazeit. Beiträge zur Geschichte und Chronologie des Neuen Reiches, Hildesheimer Ägyptologische Beiträge 7, Hildesheim: Gerstenberg.

Krauss, Rolf (1986); “Kija-ursprüngliche Besitzerin der Kanopen aus KV 55”. Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts Kairo (MDAIK), vol. 42, Pp. 67-80.

Krauss, Rolf (1995); “Zur Chronologie des neuen Reiches”. Orientalistische Literaturzeitung (OLZ), vol. 90, issue 3, Pp. 237-252.

Krauss, Rolf (1997); “Nefretitis Ende”. MDAIK, vol. 53, Pp. 209-219.

Krauss, Rolf and Ullrich, Detlef (1982); “Ein gläserner Doppelring aus Altägypten”. Jahrbuch Preussischer Kulturbesitz (JPK), vol. 19, Pp. 199-212.

Larson, John, (1992); “The Tutankhamon Astronomical Instrument, Its Use, Provenance and Texts have Prompted Considerable Scholarly Debate”. In: Amarna Letters 2, Pp. 77–86.

Leek, Frank Filce (1977); “How Old was Tut'ankhamūn?”. JEA, vol. 63, Pp. 112-15.

Lobell, Jarrett (2022); “The Case of Tut's Missing Collar”. In: Archaeology, A publication of the Archaeological Institute of America, Retrieved 5 January 2024:

https://www.archaeology.org/issues/482-2209/digs/10771-digs-egypt-tut-collar-mystery

Loeben, Christian (1986); “Eine Bestattung der grossen königlichen Gemahlin Nofretete in Amarna?”. In: Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts Abteilung Kairo (MDAIK), Vol. 42, Mainz/ Rhein: Philipp von Zabern, Pp. 109-29.

Manniche, Lise (1975); “The Wife of Bata”. GM , vol. 18, Pp. 33-38.

Manuelian, Peter Der. (1999); “Semi-Literacy in Ancient Egypt: Some Examples from the Amarna Period”. In: Gold of Praise: Studies on Ancient Egypt in Honor of Edward F. Wente, Emily Teeter and John Larson eds., Chicago: Oriental Institute, Pp. 285-298.

Marchant, Jo (2010); “Tutankhamen 'killed by sickle-cell disease'”. NewScientist, vol. 207, Issue 2767, P. 10, Retrieved 12 January 2024:

https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn19094-tutankhamen-killed-by-sickle-cell-disease/

Martin, Geoffrey Thorndike (1989); The Royal Tomb at El-ʿAmarna, vol. II, The Reliefs, Inscriptions, and Architecture, London: Egypt Exploration Society.

Meier, Samuel (1988); The Messenger in the Ancient Semitic World, Atlanta, Ga. Scholars Press.

Meltzer, Edmund (1978); “The Parentage of Tut'ankhamun and Smenkhkare'”. JEA, vol. 64, issue 1, Pp. 134-135.

Meyer, Christine (1984); "Zum Titel “Ḥmt-Njswt” bei den Töchtern Amenophis' III. und IV. und Ramses' II”. Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur (SAK), Vol. 11, Pp. 253-263.

Miller, Jared (2007); “Amarna Age Chronology and the Identity of Nibḫururiya in the Light of a Newly Reconstructed Hittite Text”. Altoriental. Forsch. Vol. 34, Issue 2, Pp. 252–293.

Murnane, William (1977); Ancient Egyptian Coregencies, Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization no. 42, Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.

Murnane, William (1985); The Road to Kadeshn a Historical Interpretation of the Battle Reliefs of King Sety I at Karnak, Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization no. 42, Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.

Newberry, Percy Edward (1928); “Akhenaten’s Eldest Son-in-Law ‘Ankhkheprurē’”. The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology (JEA), vol. 14, issue 1, Pp. 3–9.

Peet, Thomas Eric and Woolley, Leonard (1923); The City of Akhenaten Part I: Excavations of 1921 and 1922 at El-‘Amarneh, London: Egypt Exploration Society.

Pendleburry, John (1933); “Preliminary Report of the Excavations at Tell el-'Amarnah 1932-1933”. The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology (JEA), Vol. 19, Issue 1, Pp. 113-118.

Perepelkin, Yuri Yakovlevich (1978); The secret of the gold coffin, Moscow : Nauka Pub. House, Central Dept. of Oriental Literature.

Ray, John (1975); “The Parentage of Tutankhamun”. Antiquity, vol. 49, no. 193, Pp. 45-47.

Redford, Donald (1979); “Once Again the Filiation of Tutankhamun”. In: JSSEA, vol. 9, Pp. 111-115.

Redford, Donald (1984); Akhenaten, the Heretic King, Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press.

Reeves, Nicholas (1981); “The Tomb of Tuthmosis IV: Two Questionable Attributions”. GM, vol. 44, Pp. 49-55.

Reeves, Nicholas (1982); “Tuthmosis IV as Great-grandfather of Tutankhamon”. GM, vol. 56, Pp. 65-69.

Reeves, Nicholas (1988); “New Light on Kiya from Texts in the British Museum”. The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology (JEA), vol. 74, Pp. 91-101.

Reeves, Nicholas (2019); Akhenaten: Egypt's False Prophet, Cairo/New York: The American University in Cairo Press.

Robins, Gay (1979); “The Relationship specified by Egyptian Kinship Terms of the Middle and New Kingdoms”. In: CdE, vol. 45, Pp. 197-217.

Robins, Gay (1981); “Ḥmt nsw wrt Meritaton”. GM, no. 52, Pp. 75–81.

Robins, Gay (1991); “The Mother of Tutankhamun”. Discussions in Egyptology (DE), vol. 20, Pp. 71-73.

Roeder, Günther (1969); Amarna Reliefs aus Hermopolis, vol. 2, Hildesheim, Gerstenberg.

Romano, James (1991); “A Prince or a God at El Amarna? Recon¬siderations of an Earlier Opinion”. In: Amarna Letters, Essays on An¬cient Egypt, c. 1390-1310 BC, vol.1, Dennis Forbes, ed., San Francisco, Pp. 86–93.

Russmann, Edna (2001); Eternal Egypt: Masterworks of Ancient Art from the British Museum, London -New York: University of California Press.

Scalf, Foy (2021); “Measuring Time: The Ancient Egyptian Invention of the Clock,” Pp. 1-4. Retrieved 12 January 2024.

https://graham.uchicago.edu/sites/default/files/2021-06/Arts%40Graham%20Scalf%20Pre-read.pdf.

Schulman, Alan (1979): “Diplomatic Marriage in the Egyptian New Kingdom”. Journal of Near Eastern Studies (JNES), vol. 38, no. 3, Pp. 177-193.

Seele, Keith (1955); “King Ay and the Close of the Amarna Age”, Journal of Near Eastern Studies (JNES), vol. 14, no. 3, Pp. 168–180.

Shaden, Otto (1977), The God's Father Ay. PhD diss., University of Minnesota.

Shaw, Ian (1984); “Ring Bezels at El-Amarna”. AR, Part 9, Pp.124-132.

Singer, Graciela Gestoso (2017); “Beyond Amarna: The “Hand of Nergal” and the Plague in the Levant”. Ugarit-Forschungen Internationales Jahrbuch für die Altertumskunde Syrien-Palästinas (UF), Vol. 48, Pp. 223-247.

Stempel, Richard (2007); “Identification of Nibhururiya and the Synchronism in the Egyptian and Hittite Chronology in the Light of Newly Reconstructed Hittite Text”. Göttinger Miszellen: Beiträge zur Ägyptologischen Diskussion (GM), no. 213, Pp. 97-100.

Tarawneh, Hanadah (2011); “Amarna Letters: Two Languages, Two Dialogues”. In: Egypt and the Near East—the Crossroads: Proceedings of an International Conference on the Relations of Egypt and the Near East in the Bronze Age, Jana Mynářová ed., Prague, Pp. 271-284.

Tyldesley, Joyce (2006); Chronicle of the Queens of Egypt: From Early Dynastic Times to the Death of Cleopatra, The Chronicles Series, New York: Thames and Hudson.

Van den Hout, Theo P.J. (1994); “Der Falke und das Küken: der neue Pharao und der hethitische Prinz?”. Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie, vol. 84, Pp. 60–88.

Van der Perre, Athena (2014); “The Year 16 Graffito of Akhenaten in Dayr Abu Hinnis. A Contribution to the Study of the Later Years of Nefertiti”. Journal of Egyptian History, vol. 7, issue 1, Pp. 67–108.

Van Dijk, Jacobus (1993); The New Kingdom Necropolis of Memphis: Historical and Iconographical Studies. PhD diss., University of Groningen.

Van Dijk, Jacobus (2000); “The Amarna Period and the Later New Kingdom (c. 1352-1069 BC)”. In: The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, Ian Shaw ed., London, Pp. 272-313.

Van Dijk, Jacobus (2009); “The Death of Meketaten”. In: Causing His Name to Live: Studies in Egyptian Epigraphy and History in Memory of William J. Murnane, Culture and History of the Ancient Near East 37 Peter Brand and Louise Cooper, eds., Leiden: Brill, Pp. 83–88.

Van Dijk, Jacobus and Eaton-Krauss, Marianne (1984); “Tutankhamun at Memphis”. Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts Abteilung Kairo )MDAIK(, vol. 42, Pp. 35-42.

Vandenberg, Philipp (1980); The Forgotten Pharaoh, London: Hodder and Stoughton.

Von Beckerath, Jürgen (1997); Chronologie des pharaonischen Ägypten. Die Zeitbestimmung der Ägyptischen Geschichte von der Vorzeit bis 332 v. Chr., Münchner Ägyptologische Studien, Vol. 46, Mainz: Philipp von Zabern.

Wilhelm, Gernot (2009); “Muršilis II. Konflikt mit Ägypten und Haremhabs Thronbesteigung”. Die Welt des Orients (WdO), Bd. 39, H. 1, Pp. 108–116.

Zaki, Asaad and Elkashef, Doaa (2020); “The Re-Investigation of Tutankhamun’s Mummy: The Expedition of Harrison in 1968”. International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Management, vol. 3, Issue 2, Pp. 153-191.

التنزيلات

منشور

2025-10-31

كيفية الاقتباس

Shoaib, W. M. ., Naser , A. S. ., & Idris , M. M. . (2025). نهاية عصر الأسرة الثامنة عشرة وإشكالياتها التاريخيَّة في ضَوء المصادر الأثريَّة والفحوصات الطبيَّة (نحو 1353- 1319 ق.م). المجلّةُ الأردنيّة للتاريـخ والآثار, 19(3), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.35516/jjha.v19i3.2275

إصدار

القسم

Articles