An Archaeological and Artistic Study of Four Tombstones from the Period of the Qāsimī State in Yemen
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35516/jjha.v19i1.2502Keywords:
Yemen, Qāsimī period, al-Muʾayyad, Muḥammad b. al-Qāsim, Ṣanʿāʾ, al-Wušalī, WahhabisAbstract
This study examines four tombstones associated with significant figures in Yemen's history during the period of the early Qāsimī State (1006-1054 H./1597-1644 A.D.); ʿAlī b. al-Imām al-Muʾayyad Muḥammad b. al-Qāsim (1013-1078 H./1603-1617 A.D.) and his brother al-Qāsim b. al-Imām al-Muʾayyad Muḥammad b. al-Qāsim (1024-1127 H./1632-1715 A.D.). The research sheds light on their life histories and historical roles. It documents and studies these stone artifacts from both archaeological and artistic perspectives, providing a detailed description and analyzing the inscriptions in terms of form and content. The inscriptions contain valuable historical information, religious and historical titles, and supplicatory phrases. The researcher employed a descriptive-analytical approach and an inductive method by describing the four artifacts, reading their written texts, analyzing their contents, and referencing various archaeological evidence sources and historical references. The study emphasizes the importance of preserving these artifacts due to their significant archaeological and cultural value amid the ongoing armed political conflict in Yemen.
References
Abu Ṭālib, Ḥ. (1990); Tarīẖ al-Yaman: ʿAṣr al-Istiqlāl ʿan al-Ḥukm al-ʿUṯmānī al-Awwal min sanat 1056 A.H. ilā sanat 1160 A.H., vol. 1, Ṣanʿāʾ: al-mfaddal Offset Printers.
Anonymous (1991); Ḥawliyāt Yamānīyah min Sanat 1224 A.H. ilā Sanat 1316 A.H, aw al-Yaman fī al-Qarn al-Tāsiʿ ʿāšar al-Mīlādī, ‘Abd ullah al-Ḥabašī ed., Ṣanʿāʾ: Dār al-Ḥikmah al-Yamānīyah.
al-ʾĀnsī, ʿA. (1981); Tuḥfat ḏawī al-Faṭn bi-Muẖtaṣar Anbāʾ al-Zamān, Ṣanʿāʾ: Ṣanʿāʾ University.
ʿAbbās, ʿA. (2018); Aʿlām al-Mūʾallifīn al-Zaidīyah, Ṣanʿāʾ: Dār al-Imām Zaīd ibn ʿAlī lil-Ṭibāʿah wa-al-Našr.
ʿĀmir, ʿĀ. (1103 A.H./ 1723 A.D.)(2012); Buġīyat al-murīd wa ans al-farīd ilā maʿrifat intisāb ḏurīyat al-Sayyid ʿAlī ibn Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī al-Rašīd “Tārīẖ al-dawlah al-Qāsimīyah ḥattā sanat 1130 A.H.”, Ṣanʿāʾ: al-Jīl al-Jadīd Nāširīn.
al-ʿUmarī, H. (1984); Miʾāt ʿām Min Tārīẖ al-Yaman al-Ḥadīṯ 1161-1264 A.H./1748-1848 A.D, Damascus: Dār al-Fikr.
al-Basāmī, H. (1985); al-Imām al-Muʾayyad Muḥammad ibn al-Qāsim fī al-Yaman 990 A.H./1054 A.D. Unpublished Ma. Thesis, College of Sharia and Islamic Studies, Umm Al-Qura University, Saudi Arabia.
al-Bāšā, Ḥ. (1978); al-Alqāb al-Īslāmīyah fī al-Tārīẖ wa al-Wāṯāʾīq wa al-Aṯār, Cairo: Dār al-Nahḍah al-ʿArabīyah.
al-Batūl, ʿA. (2007); ẖuyūṭ al-ẓalām: ʿAṣr al-Imāmah al-Zaydīyah fī al-Yaman 284-1382 A.H., Ṣanʿāʾ: Markaz Našwān al-Ḥumayrī li al-Dirāsāt wal-Našr.
de Maigret, Al.; Bulgarelli, G.; Costantini, L.; Cucarzi, M.; Cuneo, P.; Di Mario, F.; Fedele, F.; Francaviglia, V.; Gnoli, Gh.; Marcolongo, B.; Pettinato, G.; Scerrato, U.; Tosi, M. and Ventrone, G. (1986); Archaeological activities in the Yemen Arab Republic. in: East and West, vol. 36, no. 4, Pp.: 377-470.
Ǧaḥāf, L. (2004); Durar Nuḥūr al-Ḥūr al-‘Ayn, Ṣanʿāʾ: Maktabat al-Iršād.
al-Ǧarmūzī, A. (2002); Tuḥfat al-asmāʾ wa al-Abṣaḥ bimā fī al-Sīrah al-Mutawkilīyyah min Ġarāʾb al-Aḫbār, Vol. 1, Ṣanʿāʾ: Muʾassasat al-Imām Aaīd ibn ʿAlī al-Ṯaqāfīyah.
Ġaylān, Ḥ. (2004); Maḥārīb Ṣanʿāʾ ḥattā awāẖir al-qarn 12 H/18 A.D, Ṣanʿāʾ: Wizārat al-Ṯaqāfah wa al-Siyāḥah.
Haider, N. (2021); Zaydism, in: Handbook of Islamic Sects and Movements, chapter 9, Pp.: 203-234, Leiden: Brill.
al-Ḥabašī, ʿA. (1986); al-Adab al-Yamanī ʿaṣr Khurūǧ al-Atrāk al-Awwal min al-Yaman 1045-1289 A.H./ 1635-1879 A.D., Ṣanʿāʾ: al-Dār al-Yamanīyah liʾl-našr waʾl-tawzīʿ.
al-Ḥaḍramī, ʿA. (2005); Tihāmah fī al-Tārīẖ, Ṣanʿāʾ: The French Institute in Damascus for Arabic Studies.
al-Ḥawālī, M. (1987);ʿĀlim wa-Amīr Yaḥyā ibn Muḥammad al-Aryānī, waṣafḥah Maǧhūlah min Tārīẖ al-Yaman al-Mūʿāṣir, Ṣanʿāʾ:Maktabat al-Jīl al-Jadīd.
al-Ḥujarī, M. (2004); Masājid Ṣanʿāʾ ʿāmirhā wa mwafīhā, Ṣanʿāʾ: Wizārat al-Ṯaqāfah wa-al-Siyāḥah.
al-Ḥusayn, Y. (1100 A.H./ 1689 A.D.)(1968); Ġāyat al-Amānī fī Aẖbār al-Quṭr al-Yamānī, Sa‘īed ‘Ashour ed., Cairo: Dār al-kutub al-ʿArabīyah lil-Ṭibāʿah wa-al-Našr.
al-Ḥusayn, Y. (1100 A.H./ 1689 A.D.) (1996); Yawmīyāt Ṣanʿāʾ fī al-Qarn al-ẖādī ʿašr (1046-1099 A.H.), Abu Dhabi: Publications of al-Muğamʿ al-Ṯaqāfī.
al-Ḥusaynī, Ḍ. (1999); Nasmat al-Saḥar bi-Ḏikr man Tašaīʿa wa-Šaʿar, Vol. 3, Beirūt: Dār al-Mūʾarriẖ al-ʿArabī.
ibn Manẓūr, J. (711 A.H./ 1311 A.D.) (N.A.); Lisān al-ʿArab, vol. 18, Cairo: Dār al-Maʿārif.
al-Kabsī, M. (2005); al-Latāʾif al-Sūniyah fī Aẖbār al-Mamālik al-Yamanīyah, Ṣanʿāʾ: Maktabat al-Jīl al-Jadīd.
al-Khāldī, ʿA. (2010); al-Anwār al-Durarīyah al-Bāhirah fī Ḏurriyat Sayyidatnā Fāṭimah al-Zahrāʾ al-Ṭāhirah, Beirūt: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmīyah.
al-Kūmānī, Ṣ. (2010); Masājid Madīnat Ḏamār Ḥattā Nihāyat al-Qarn 12A.H./18 A.D. Dirāsah ʾĀṯārīyah Miʿmārīyah. Ma. Thesis, Department of Archeology, Faculty of Arts, al-Jāmiʿat Ṣanʿāʾ, al-Yaman.
al-Kūmānī, Ṣ. (2021); “The Shrine of Imam al-Mutwakil Ala Allah Ismail BIn Al-kasem (d. 1087 AH-1676 AD): An Archeological and Documentary Study”. Majallat Kullīyat al-Ādāb, Jāmiʿat Ḏamār, vol. 21, Pp.: 604-657.
al-Madāḥ, A. (1980); al-ʿUṯmānīyūn wa al-Imām Al-Qāsim ibn Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī fī al-Yaman 1006-1029 A.H./1598-1620 A.D. UnPublished Ma.Thesis, Department of History, College of Sharia and Islamic Studies, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia.
al-Maʿīḍī, R. (2011); “Dirāsah Āṯārīyah Tārīẖīyah ʿan Šāhid Qabr al-Imām al-Qāsim ibn al-Mūʾayyīd bi-Allāh”. Hawlīyāt al-Ittiḥād al-ʿĀm lil-Āthāriyīn al-ʿArab “Dirāsāt fī Āthār al-Waṭan al-ʿArabī”, vol. 13, Pp.: 749-772.
al-Miqḥafhī, I. (2001); Muʿjam al-Bilād wa al-Qabā’il al-Yamanīyah, Vol 2, Ṣanʿāʾ: Dār Al-Kalimah li al-Našr wa al-Tawzīʿ.
al-Muʾayyad, I. (2001); Ṭabāqat al-Zaydīyah al-Kubra, also known as Bulūġ al-Murād ʾilā Maʾrifat al-ʾIsnād, Vol. 2 (A-H), 3rd Section, Ṣanʿāʾ: Imām Zaīd ibn ʿAlī Cultural Foundation.
al-Mu‘allim, A. (2005); al-Qubūrīyah Naš’atuha Āṯāruha Mawqif al-‘Ulamā’ Minhā “al-Yaman Namūḏāj”, Presented by Abdul Rahman al-Ṣāleh al-Maḥmoud; Muḥammad ibn Ismā‘īl al-‘Omrānī; ‘Abdul Raḥmān Bakeer and Ismā‘īl ibn ‘Alī al-Akwa‘, Jaddah: Dār B. al-Jawzī.
al-Muṭāʿ, I. (2000); Jāmiʿ al-Imām al-Hādī ilā al-Ḥaqq wa al-Munša’āt al-Miʿmārīyah al-Mulḥaqah bihī fī Madīnat Ṣaʿdah bi-al-Yaman (Dirāsah Aṯārīyah Miʿmārīyah Muqāranah), unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Jāmiʿat Janūb al-Wādī, Qinā, Egypt.
Pukhovaia, E. (2023); “The Lords of Kawkabān and the Transformation of the State in Early Modern Yemen (15th–17th Centuries)”. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, vol. 66, Pp.: 289–317.
al-Qalqašandī, A. (d. 821 A.H./1418 A.D.)(2004); Ṣubḥ al-Aʿšā fī Ṣināʿat al-Inšā, Silsilat al-Ḏaẖāʾir, Cairo: al-Hayʾah al-ʿāmmah li-Quṣūr al-Ṯaqāfah.
Saīf, ʿA. (2008); “Naqš Islāmī šāhidī wa-Marṯīyah lil-Imām al-Mutawakkil ʿalā Allāh al-Qāsim ibn al-Ḥusayn 1139 A.H./1727 A.D. bi-Qubtihi al-Ḍarīḥīyah bi-Madīnat Ṣanʿāʾ”. Majallat Abjadīyat, Maktabat al-Iskandarīyah, vol. 3, Pp.: 104-121.
Sālim, S. (1999); al-Fatḥ al-ʿUṯmānī al-Awwal lil-Yaman 1538-1635A.H., Cairo: Dār al-Amīn lil-Ṭibāʿah wa-al-Našr.
Šaraf al-Dīn, ʿI. (2003); Ruḥ al-Ruḥ fī ma ḥadaṯa Baʿd al-Māʾah al-Tāsʿah min al-Futuḥ, Ṣanʿāʾ: ʿAbādī Center for Publishing and Studies.
al-Šawkānī, M. (d. 1250 A.H./1900 A.D.)(1987); al-Badr al-Ṭāliʿ bi-Maḥāsin man baʿd al-Qarn al-Sabiʿ, Vol 2, Cairo: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyah.
Šīḥah, M. (1988); Šawāhid Qubūr Islāmīyah min Jabbānat Ṣaʿdah bi-al-Yaman, vol. 1, Cairo: Maktabat Madbūlī.
al-Ṣafwānī, R. (2013); Mawqif al-‘Ulamā’ al-Yamanīyīn min Sīyāsat A’immat al-Dawlah al-Qāsimīyah (1045-1289 A.H./1635-1872 A.D.), unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of History, College of Arts, Ṣanʿāʾ University, Yemen.
al-Ṯawr, A. (2004); Bināʾ al-dawlah al-Qāsimīyah fī ʿahd Al-Muʾayyad Muḥammad b. al-Qāsim maʿa taḥqīq Maḫṭūṭah al-Jawharah al-Mūnīrah fī Jumal min ʿUyūn al-Sīrah lil-Mūʾarriḫ Muṭahar al-Jarmūzī, unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of History, College of Arts, Ṣanʿāʾ University, Yemen.
al-Wušalī, I. (2003); Našr al-Ṯanāʾ wa-al-Ḥusn ʿalā baʿḍ ʾArbāb al-Faḍal wa-al-Kamāl min ʾahl al-Yaman wa-Ḏikr al-Ḥawadiṯ al-Wāqiʿah fī Haḏā al-Zamn, Ṣanʿāʾ: Maktabat al-Iršād.
al-Wazīr, ʿA. (1985); Tārīẖ al-Yaman ẖilāl al-qarn 11 H/17 A.D. (1045-1090 H/1635-1680 A.D) al-musmā Tarīẖ ṭabaq al-ẖalwā wa-ṣaḥāf al-mann wa-al-salwā, Ṣanʿāʾ: Yemeni Studies and Research Center.
Zabārah, M. (1998); Tarīẖ al-A’imah al-Zaīdīyah fī al-Yaman Ḥattā al-ʿAṣr al-Ḥadīṯ, Cairo: Maktabat al-Ṯaqāfah al-Dīnīyah.
