الهجرة الكبرى باتِّجاه الشرق في أواخرِ العصرِ الحجريِّ الحديثِ إلى الصَّحراءِ السوداء؛ الأردنّ

المؤلفون

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.54134/jjha.15.2.5

الكلمات المفتاحية:

المواقعُ الضخمة، الاستغلالُ المُفرط، الكفافُ عند الصيادين والرُّعاة، المُستوطَناتُ شبهُ الدائمة، المُستوطَناتُ الدائمة.

الملخص

شَهِدَ جنوبُ بلاد الشام فترتين هائلتين مِنَ النزوح السكانيِّ في العصر الحجري الحديث، يبدو أنّ كليهما كان ناجمًا إلى حدٍّ ما عنِ الإفراط في استغلال الموارد الطبيعيّة، إضافةً إلى عدم الاستقرار المُناخيّ. وقد جرى التخلّي عن مناطق فِلَسْطين ووادي الأردنّ فعليًّا في منتصف الألفيّة السابعة قبل الميلاد؛ ممّا أدّى إلى انتقال الناس إلى مرتفعات الأردنّ وإنشاء مُستوطَناتٍ كبيرة جدًّا، "المواقع الكبرى"(megasites) في فترة العصر الحجريّ الحديث (ب) المتأخِّر، خلالَ النصف الثاني مِنَ الألفيّة السابعة. وفي نهاية الألفيّة السابعة؛ أي في بداية الفترة (ج) مِنَ العصر الحجريّ الحديث، حدثت "الهجرةُ الكبرى الثانية نحوَ الشرق عندما انهارت مواقعُ فترة العصر الحجريّ الحديث (ب) المتأخِّر الضخمة؛ ممّا أدّى -في النهاية- إلى التخلّي التامّ عنِ النصف الجنوبيّ مِنَ الأردنّ وتقلّصِ حجم المواقع الضخمة الى حدٍّ كبير في شمال الأردنّ. ونتيجة لذلك، أُعيد السكنُ في مناطق وادي الأردنّ وَفِلَسْطين، لكنَّ عددًا كبيرًا مِنَ الأشخاص الذين أُجبروا على الخروج من مستوطناتهم هاجروا إلى المناطق الصحراويّة في شرق الأردنّ وجنوب شرق سوريا وشمال المملكة العربيّة السعوديّة، واستخدموا وسائلَ جديدةً للصيد، مثل بناءِ سلاسلَ كبيرةٍ مِنُ الفخاخ المتداخلة لذبح الغزلان بشكلٍ جماعيّ، كما طوَّروا مراكزَ للرعي قائمةً على حَلْبِ قُطعان الأغنام والماعز المُستأنِسَةِ وصناعةِ الألبان.

السيرة الشخصية للمؤلف

جاري رولفسون، كليّة وايتمان الجامعية

قسم الأنثربولوجيا

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التنزيلات

منشور

2023-05-29

كيفية الاقتباس

رولفسون G. O. . (2023). الهجرة الكبرى باتِّجاه الشرق في أواخرِ العصرِ الحجريِّ الحديثِ إلى الصَّحراءِ السوداء؛ الأردنّ. المجلّةُ الأردنيّة للتاريـخ والآثار, 15(2), 87–111. https://doi.org/10.54134/jjha.15.2.5

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